The Fitt's and Posner's Phases of Learning
In 1967 Paul Fitts (Fitts) and Michael Posner (Posner) developed the
Classic Stages of learning model. They detailed the kinds of changes
and phases that learners go through when acquiring skill.
The three stages of learning of the Fitts and Posner model are best
understood as reflecting a continuum of practice time. The cognitive
stage represents the first portion of the continuum. This is followed
by the associative stage and then the autonomous stage. The transition
from one stage to the next is not abrupt; on the contrary, it is
gradual and the transition is difficult to detect as the learner may
at any point in time be at a particular stage or in transition between
stages.
However, the beginner and the skilled performer have distinct
characteristics that need to be understood. The concept of deliberate
practice helps to explain how this transformation comes about.
Cognitive stage
This is the first stage of the learning process where the beginner
tries to get to grip with the nature of the activity and to figure out
what to do. Verbal explanations and demonstrations are important.
Improvements are rapid but movements are jerky and uncoordinated. High
levels of concentration and attention are needed during this stage.
Example - a beginner learning to pass in hockey will be shown how to
pass by the teacher. The beginner watches the demonstration and
understands what needs to be done.
The concept of the cognitive stage is also to understand how the
activity is to be used in a game situation. Their first concern is to
understand the task and this often means attaching ver...
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...ut other things
such as tactics, strategy and disguise because the player does not
have to think about each component of the technique. This is something
that most players, when they reach this level will attain themselves
however it can be encouraged by pressure practices and game like
situations which will enhance the skill. Accuracy, consistency and
fluidity can be improved on in similar situation which result in the
player being able to perform the skill comfortably and to its maximum
effect enhancing the overall performance of the player. Coaches
feedback is still important during the autonomous stage.
Bibliography
* Advanced PE for Edexcel - Frank Galligan, Collin Maskery, Jon
Spence, DavisHowe, Tim Barry, Andy Ruston and Dee Crawford
* Physical Education and Sport - Paul Beashel and John Taylor
puts their mind to a task at hand they can accomplish it most of the
The great theorist Jean Piaget was born on August 9th, 1896 in Switzerland. He distinguished four stages of cognitive development and called them the schemas. He also constructed new fields of scientific study, including cognitive theory and developmental psychology. He summed up his passion for the ongoing pursuit of scientific knowledge with these words: "The current state of knowledge is a moment in history, changing just as rapidly as the state of knowledge in the past has ever changed and, in many instances, more rapidly." He received the Erasmus Prize as well as the Balzan prize. Piaget died of unknown causes in 1980 in Switzerland
Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget pioneered the clinical view of cognitive development, stressing that individuals construct their own knowledge through environmental, biological, and social interactions. To make sense of the world, children attain new information and skills by adapting to changes caused by a disequilibrium in their accustomed knowledge and experiences. Through four overlapping stages of growth, Piaget’s theory of cognitive development emphasizes the role of disequilibrium in infantile schemes, assimilation, and accommodation.
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The theory of cognitive development was created by Jean Piaget. Piaget can be classified as both a constructivist and a developmental theorist. This theory describes how the quality of children’s thinking changes over time, and how a child makes a mental model of the world. Piaget disagreed with the idea that intelligence is a fixed trait. Piaget believed that a child’s cognitive development was a process, and that there were four factors that affect the quality of children’s thinking as they grow; as well as four stages of qualitatively different types of thinking through which children progress towards adulthood.
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Jean Piaget is best known for his cognitive development. Piaget had three children of his own, and through them he started making observations on his own children which eventually became the basis of his many future theories. In the 1920’s, he began to observe every day actions of infants and children to draw inferences about the thinking children do and underline their behaviors and why they act the way they do. Piagets’ theory went deeper than any psychologists or philosophers before him, and his theory is what shaped how we look and see children still in today’s time. Piaget discovered the fact that children have trouble learning new concepts when just being told or instructed, but do better
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