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Summary of feminist theory
Summary of feminist theory
Summary of feminist theory
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The black feminist thought is a collection of ideas, writings, and the art that expresses a point of view and for black women of the African diaspora. Describes black women as a single group that exists in a "place in us social relations where intersectional processes of race, ethnicity, gender, class, sexual orientation, and the black women of forms individual and collective consciousness and actions. Point of view as a theory, black feminist thought conceptualizes identities as fluid and interdependent socially constructed "locations within a historical context. It is based on the historical experience of black women with slavery, the anti-lynching, civil rights and Black Power movement, sexual politics, capitalism and patriarchy.
Distinctive principles of black feminist thought include:
(1) The legitimization of partial, Subjugated knowledge as a single point of view, various; (2) Black women s multiple oppressions resulting in the ideologies and
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The black feminist thought has been expressed historically through social and political activism national collective (black feminist organization; Combahee River Collective Bargaining). Black feminists say that all black women have the common experience of oppression(s) despite the fact that they occupy different social places and possess privileges of variable.
Black feminists broke from the mainstream of feminists of the 1970s. At this time, the black feminist thought began to reflect a provocative, sophisticated critique of the dominant white women's movement and theorizations. Black feminist writings do not advocate a separatist movement completely from the mainstream of feminism but to make an appeal for the inclusion of all the experiences of women in scientific research. Attention to the interlocking nature of race, ethnicity, gender, social class and sexual orientation in the course of time and geography is a recurring theme in his
Interstitial politics, defined by Kimberly Springer as a “politics in the cracks” is also a key element in intersectional analysis. As Black feminists it’s our job to locate places of contradiction and conflict, because in working alongside these sites of power and gatekeeping, we can achieve a better knowledge of how they operate as well as develop strategies to dismantle them. This embracing of sociopolitical dissonance embodies the spirit of dialectical practices in Black feminism. In the chapter “Distinguishing Features of Black Feminist Thought” Patricia Hill Collins emphasizes that
Elsa Barkley Brown focuses on the intersectionality of being a black woman in America, in “What Has Happened Here?”. Black women experience different forms of oppression simultaneously. Indeed, racism, sexism, classism, as well as heterosexism, intertwine and form layers of oppression.
Collin thinks “race, class and gender represent the three system of oppression that most heavily affects African American women”. She also believes there are other groups than Black Women being affected by this oppression.
Collins, Patricia. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. New York, NY: Routledge, 2000
Throughout history, the black woman has always had a multitude of responsibilities thrust upon her shoulders. This was never truer than for southern black women in the period between 1865 and 1885. In this span of twenty years, these women were responsible for their children, their husbands, supporting their families, their fight for freedom as black citizens and as women, their sexual freedom, and various other issues that impacted their lives. All of these aspects of the black woman’s life defined who she was. Each of her experiences and battles shaped the life that she lived, and the way she was perceived by the outside world.
Women, black women in particular, are placed in a society that marginalizes and controls many of the aspects of a black woman’s life. As a result, many black women do not see a source of opportunity, a way to escape the drudgery of their everyday existence. For example, if we were to ask black mother’s if they would change their situation if it became possible for them to do so, many would change, but others would say that it is not possible; This answer would be the result of living in a society that has conditioned black women to accept their lots in life instead of fighting against the system of white and male dominated supremacy. In Ann Petry’s The Street, we are given a view of a black mother who is struggling to escape what the street symbolizes.
and the academic endeavour, to illuminate the experiences of African American women and to theorize from the materiality of their lives to broader issues of political economy, family, representation and transformation” (Mullings, page xi)
Collins, Patricia Hill. "Mammies, Matriarchs, and Other Controlling Images." Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. New York: Routledge, 2000. 89. Print.
Being a woman is hard work. We many have pressures on us from society to marry, bear children, be an upstanding citizen, and maintain some sort of career, all the while trying to understand our bodies and its changes; being a woman of color, or black woman, it’s even harder. Not only do we have to deal with everything a White woman does, and we also have the added pressure of defying stigmas and stereotypes within our own group of people. What stigma’s you ask? How about not being perceived as ignorant, uneducated, and or “ghetto”. The stereotypical misrepresentations of African-American women and men in popular culture have influenced societal views of Blacks for centuries. The typical stereotypes about Black women range from the smiling, asexual and often-obese Mammy to the promiscuous and the loud, smart mouthed, neck-rolling Black welfare mother is the popular image on reality television. These images portrayed in media and popular culture creates powerful ideology about race and gender, which affects every day experiences of Black women in America.
African American women are considered the most disadvantaged group vulnerable to discrimination and harassment. Researchers have concluded that their racial and gender classification may explain their vulnerable position within society, despite the strides these women have made in education, employment, and progressing their families and communities (Chavous et al. 2004; Childs 2005; Hunter 1998; Settles 2006; Wilkins 2012). Most people agree that race and gender categories are explained as the biological differences between individuals in our society; however sociologists understand that race and gender categories are social constructions that are maintained on micro and macro levels. Historically, those in power who control the means of production within a society have imposed race, class, and gender meanings onto the minority population in order to maintain their dominant position and justify the unequal treatment of minority individuals by the divisions of race, class, and gender categories (Collins 2004; Nguyen & Anthony 2014; Settles 2006;).
This feminism movement occurred at the same time as the Civil Rights movement and both had an impact on each other. The Civil Rights movement fought for equality of African Americans. Many of the feminism activist and the feminism organizations also rallied support for the Civil Rights movement. It was with this support that the feminism movement was able to piggy back off its success. The original Civil Rights Act had no protection against discrimination based on sex, only based on race, but feminists lobbied vigorously for this addition to the act (Article 4). Many male African Americans feared that this addition to the bill would kill it entirely but women like Pauli Murray, who “coined the term Jane Crow to describe her own experience of
The fight for equality has been fought for many years throughout American History and fought by multiple ethnicities. For African Americans this fight was not only fought to gain equal civil rights but also to allow a change at achieving the American dream. While the United States was faced with the Civil Rights Movements a silent storm brewed and from this storm emerged a social movement that shook the ground of the Civil Right Movement, giving way to a new movement that brought with it new powers and new fears. The phrase “Black power” coined during the Civil Right Movement for some was a slogan of empowerment, while other looked at it as a threat and attempted to quell this Black Power Movement.
These thing confine black women to a small box because, if they are not white, middle class, straight men who rule over society, they will be treated as less than. Black women struggle the hardest with trying to fit into these narratives because they happen to be women and of a different race. These boundaries affect black women in everything that they attempt to do in their lives. Some may argue that if these codes are so difficult to follow that black women should refuse to abide by them, and still be able to live fulfilling lives without facing any consequences. Unfortunately, for black women in today’s current society that method would lead to isolation and brutal judgement from everyone, including the black community.
Multiracial feminism addressed the fact that racism was the core of oppression for most women of color. Along with racism it also addressed class, gender, and sexuality. All of the interlocking oppressions worked together against women of color which made necessary for their own brand of feminism. The mainstream feminism associated with Second Wave did not take into consideration any of these other forms of oppression for women. This lead to Black, Latina, Native American, and Asian groups of women to start feminist organizations that individually addressed their unique struggles as women in America. For example, in early 1970s Black women formed the National Black Feminist Organization (NBFO) which focused solely on the issues of black women such as stereotypes of black women in the media, discrimination in the workplace, and Black women’s self- esteem (Thompson 53). Groups such as NBFO helped to serve antiracist agenda while providing inclusivity for the women of the Black community. Racism was so prevalent in the United States that it could not be seen as a stand-alone problem to sexism or
The African American Civil Rights Movement was a series of protests in the United States South from approximately 1955 through 1968. The overall goal of the Civil Rights Movement was to achieve racial equality before the law. Protest tactics were, overall, acts of civil disobedience. Rarely were they ever intended to be violent. From sit-ins to boycotts to marches, the activists involved in the Civil Rights Movement were vigilant and dedicated to the cause without being aggressive. While African-American men seemed to be the leaders in this epic movement, African-American women played a huge role behind the scenes and in the protests.