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Recommended: Sexism in language
The English Language Systematically Degrades and Devalues Women
It is often argued that the English language needs to be modernised to
keep pace with the rapidly changing societies in the world. One
reason for this is many words and their usages are viewed as sexist,
in that they are discriminating against individuals based on their
gender. In this essay, I shall discuss many factors relevant to
the argument that the English language systematically degrades and
devalues women.
One possible argument in agreement with this statement is that male
words and their female equivalents are often asymmetrical in their
connotations and implications. For example, pairs of words such as
‘bachelor’ and ‘spinster’, have distinctively different associations:
‘spinster’ has relatively negative undertones, and conjures the image
of an aging woman with a dull lifestyle, whereas the word ‘bachelor’
suggests a more carefree, younger man with an exciting and enjoyable
way of life. This inconsistency in the English language is hard to
rectify, considering it is not the dictionary definition that needs
altering, but the associations society as a whole has with these
words. Therefore, in this circumstance the blame for the sexist
lexical asymmetry does not lay with the English language, but with
society’s interpretation of the vocabulary.
The regular occurrence of marked terms for female roles is a second
example where the English language may be seen as degrading to women.
Illustrations of this include ‘actress’ for females, where a suffix
has been added onto the end of the unmarked mal...
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they are so firmly embedded in the everyday language used by society.
However, the ‘politically-correct’ era is dawning on Britain at
present, and the public is becoming more aware of sexist speech as
well as lexis that discriminates other groups of people.
Gender-specific words are being discouraged by Government campaigns,
even altering the curriculum so that young children are taught to
refer to ‘police officers’ and ‘firefighters’ instead of ‘policemen’
and ‘firemen’. However, society is not prepared to change radically,
as some feminist groups that tried to introduce vocabulary entirely
unspecific to gender have discovered. Lexis such as ‘womyn’ to
replace ‘women’, and ‘herstory’ to replace ‘history’ are widely
unaccepted as part of the English language, and this is unlikely to
change in the near future.
During the Victorian Era, society had idealized expectations that all members of their culture were supposedly striving to accomplish. These conditions were partially a result of the development of middle class practices during the “industrial revolution… [which moved] men outside the home… [into] the harsh business and industrial world, [while] women were left in the relatively unvarying and sheltered environments of their homes” (Brannon 161). This division of genders created the ‘Doctrine of Two Spheres’ where men were active in the public Sphere of Influence, and women were limited to the domestic private Sphere of Influence. Both genders endured considerable pressure to conform to the idealized status of becoming either a masculine ‘English Gentleman’ or a feminine ‘True Woman’. The characteristics required women to be “passive, dependent, pure, refined, and delicate; [while] men were active, independent, coarse …strong [and intelligent]” (Brannon 162). Many children's novels utilized these gendere...
Many feminist/post-modern theorists see language as a patriarchal construct that excludes women. As Jeanie Forte writes, this characterization of language is informed by Lacanian theory, which, in turn, is influenc...
Gender Matters is a collection of various essays on feminist linguistic texts analysis, by Sara Mills. Mills develops methods of analyzing literary and non-literary texts, in addition to conversational analysis based on a feminist approach. The author draws on data from her collection of essays gathered over the last two decades on feminism during the 1990s. The essays focus on gender issues, the representation of gender in reading, writing, and in public speaking. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of feminists’ analysis of sexism in literature and the relation between gender and politeness. The article is informative for my research paper, as my topic is going to cover language analysis of the text and who women reading and writing differs according to the discourse analysis within linguistic, psychology, case studies audiences and surveys. The book would be helpful, particularly the last three essays that discusses gender, public speaking, the question of politeness and impoliteness in public speaking. Mills’ analysis is not complete without including the idea of global notions of both women and men, to see whether women and men write and read in the same way globally. Therefore, an update would enrich the book’s discussion section. Although, Mills addresses the class and race theme in language and public speaking, I will only look into the role of language that plays a part in doing or reducing gender in literary, non-literary texts and in conversation.
Importantly, our language influence how people perceive one another; furthermore, how society label and reference people with sexual expression (Rozema, notes, 2014). Specific terminologies determining positive or negative sex expression between male and female dramatically differ. Think about it. How many positive terms describe a sexually active woman? Perhaps, she is hot and/or sexy (Tanebaum, 2000, p. xi). How many positive terms describe a sexually active male? He is a stud, Romeo, the man, stallion and so on (Tanebaum, 2000, p. xi). Here, positive language describing female all focus on appearance and for men it focuses on accomplishments (Rozema, notes, 2014). For instance, Olive acquires her label through gossip, but maintains it with her appearance. The male peers in this film attain labels through actions and conquests. Now, the female negative connotations obviously out rank the positive. Words like trollop, tart, floozy, slut,...
Since the development of civilization, women have always been viewed as subordinate to men in all aspects of life. This is especially true in regards to the communication styles of both sexes. The expository text “ His Politeness is Her Powerlessness” by Deborah Tannen and Charlotte Bronte’s gothic novel, Jane Eyre, demonstrates a shocking similarity between the 1820s and the 21st century in regards to men’s view point on women’s style of communication. According to the texts, women will always be viewed as the inferior sex regardless of their communication style.
It is this so called “perfect female” that is engraved in our minds, both male and female, and because of this there are many young girls, specifically between the ages of 14 to mid-20s, are being hurt by this. Women are portrayed in almost every possible thing. But they are pictured as a thin, tall, Caucasian female. Women want to be that female. That is what they are constantly telling themselves. When a woman gets the figure they always dreamt of, they are yet not satisfied. Being beautiful is not enough for them. A few want more, and when they cannot get to that point of harming themselves. Young girls are getting the wrong message thru media. In the film, “MissRepresentation” it gives the facts on how the media has influenced women with this “perfect figure,” even those young girls still in middle school. They are being abused physically, emotionally, and mentally because of what media is showing.
Deborah Tannen’s essay, “There Is No Unmarked Woman”, explores the idea of “marked” and “unmarked” words, styles, titles, and how females have no ability to choose an unmarked position in life. She posits that “The unmarked forms of most English words also convey ‘male’” (88). Tannen is incorrect in her premises because females are able to choose unmarked hair and clothing styles, men are marked just as often as women, and many unmarked forms of words no longer convey “male.”
Nilsen began this study of the dictionary not with the intention of prescribing language change but simply to see what the language would reveal about sexism to her. Sexism is not something that existing independently in American English or in the particular dictionary that she happened to read. Rather it exists in people's minds.
Gender roles can be comprehended through studying human society and the individual relationships among people in that society. Different aspects of society such as politics, economics, and the social aspects of society, are interlinked with gender roles. This paper will look at the gender roles and stereotypes from a modern and a traditional society perspective. The three different areas will be compared by looking at the traditional and modern societies, in order to understand how many changes have occurred and whether or not anything has really changed. Generally speaking, a traditional society is more conservative while a modern society leans toward being more liberal. The conservative nature of a traditional society is mainly a result of assigning certain roles depending on the gender of individuals. These roles have created gendered stereotypes which traditional society and even modern society have abided by. These roles and stereotypes have created a society in which one individual becomes dominant and the other becomes a subordinate. Modern society, however, has started to “level out the playing field” by allowing males AND females to succeed through accepting the identity of individuals’. Even though de facto segregation still exists, equality is emerging in society more and more each day.
There is so much controversy in the society that we live in, it has resulted in an absolute mess. Certain topics as in gender or men and women’s bodies, is so controversial to the point that it has caused a misrepresentation of both men and women. Both Jean Kilbourne and Allan G. Johnson form their own opinions in their articles “Two Ways A Woman Can Get Hurt” and “Why Do We Make So Much of Gender” that comment on society as a whole, while expanding on the concept of why gender is so important for a fully functioning society. Although, both Kilbourne and Johnson have differentiating opinions to gender, they both come to the conclusion that gender is a key factor to explain our society and the social change in it. We live in a society where
...rms of power and source of pride in society. Emphasizing sexism in language and rising the concern with words can be a vital feminist strategy to provoke social change (Weatherall, 2002). Language can produce a false imagination and represents women and men unequally, as if members of one sex were somehow less wholly human, less complex, and has fewer rights than members of the other sex. Sexist language also characterizes serotypes of women and men, sometimes to the disadvantage of both, but more often to the disadvantage of women. (Wareing & Thomas, 2012). As a result, it is necessary that individuals have the right to define, and to redefine as their lives unfold, their own gender identities, without regard to genitalia, assigned birth sex, or initial gender role. Language about women is not a nonaligned or an insignificant issue but profoundly a political one.
Even after these prejudices were overcome, the education system still maintained sexism in both obvious and subtle ways. Books rein...
“Girls wear jeans and cut their hair short and wear shirts and boots because it is okay to be a boy; for a girl it is like promotion. But for a boy to look like a girl is degrading, according to you, because secretly you believe that being a girl is degrading” (McEwan 55-56). Throughout the history of literature women have been viewed as inferior to men, but as time has progressed the idealistic views of how women perceive themselves has changed. In earlier literature women took the role of being the “housewife” or the household caretaker for the family while the men provided for the family. Women were hardly mentioned in the workforce and always held a spot under their husband’s wing. Women were viewed as a calm and caring character in many stories, poems, and novels in the early time period of literature. During the early time period of literature, women who opposed the common role were often times put to shame or viewed as rebels. As literature progresses through the decades and centuries, very little, but noticeable change begins to appear in perspective to the common role of women. Women were more often seen as a main character in a story setting as the literary period advanced. Around the nineteenth century women were beginning to break away from the social norms of society. Society had created a subservient role for women, which did not allow women to stand up for what they believe in. As the role of women in literature evolves, so does their views on the workforce environment and their own independence. Throughout the history of the world, British, and American literature, women have evolved to become more independent, self-reliant, and have learned to emphasize their self-worth.
Language is a multifaceted topic. It seems that language cannot be discussed without also discussing the differences that occur within speech. One of the most obvious differences exists between the speech of men and women. This paper describes the existence of “women’s language” and “men’s language.”(O’Barr and Atkins 1980) More specifically, this paper will discuss how these so-called languages differ in the way they address power in a formal situation. These gendered differences in speech occur in the way topics are brought up, what words are chosen, how hedges are used, and how intonation is utilized. (Holmes 1986;O’Barr and Atkins 1980) I will address how male language tends to be more assertive and confident in situations that affect power, while female language tends to be more apologetic and tentative when asserting information. (Kiesling 1997;O’Barr and Atkins 1980) I hypothesize that these differences do not reflect natural inclination or ability of the two genders. These differences in male and female language occur because they have been socialized in America by the construct of gender roles and respective expectations of genders. (O’Barr and Atkins 1980) I will analyze this hypothesis with sources of third parties and with my research.
The initial germinations of the Language and gender field began in 1922 with Otto Jespersen, who was a grammarian and a proponent of 'Deficit Theory' although the actual term 'Deficit Theory' was retrospectively applied to Jespersen's conclusions. In Jespersen's work he concluded the male language to be the normative and other variants such as women's, children’s and foreigner’s speech to be inferior and consequently deficient in comparison with male speech. Jespersen’s theories may seem politically incorrect and sexist within the modern moral universe but we must read him with an understanding of the context of the time. In 1922, women still played a subordinate role in society compared to that of men, male superiority was a common and accepted idea; Jespersen was expressing the status quo. In regard to this, it is my view that we should view Jespersen's work without prejudice and judge him with logic and reason. If we are earnestly committed in our search for truth, we cannot let ethics cloud or distort our findings, it would wrong to invest in the sciences but then disre...