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Media violence and behavior
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Racism in the media
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The effects of violence in the media that we see on a day-to-day basis affect us all. For most adults, we choose whether to act upon these effects or not. However, what about those who are exposed to this violence and who are not adults? What about our nation’s adolescents and youth? They do not have the mental capabilities of adults, what happens to them when they are exposed to such violence and they choose to act on their thoughts after exposure? These are just a few of the slew of questions that have been asked by psychologists over the years about media violence.
The first article that I found that deals with violence in the media may not pertain to the adolescents and youth of this nation, but it does pertain to the younger adult crowd and how they view a situation in news articles. The article is called “Race, media, and violence: Differential racial effects of exposure to violent news stories” by James D. Johnson, Mike S. Adams, William Hall, and Leslie Ashburn (1997). The basis for this study was to gain further insight into how people would see things when they were given a non-violent or violent news article and then had a race (Black, White, Non-specified race) added to the situation in the news article. This study conducted is aligned with the course’s curriculum as it correlates with the chapter on aggression and the media influences that it has on people’s aggression. Johnson et al. (1997) were hoping to find out if people had a learned predisposition to attribute the violent crimes with those of a certain race (in this case it was Black, White, or Non-specified) when people read a news article that was violent or non-violent because violence is stereotypically associated with Blacks. Johnson et al. (19...
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...n to do women. We are exposed to violence in media on a daily basis and with the studies in this paper it shows that it can have a huge impact on us.
References
Coyne, S. M., Linder, J. R., Nelson, D. A., & Gentile, D. A. (2012). ‘Frenemies, fraitors, and mean-em-aitors’: Priming effects of viewing physical and relational aggression in media on women. Aggressive Behavior, 38, 141-149.
Johnson, J. D., Adams, M. S., Hall, W., & Ashburn, L. (1997). Race, media, and violence: Differential racial effects of exposure to violent news stories. Basic & Applied Social Psychology, 19, 81-90.
Kronenberger, W. G., Matthews, V. P., Dunn, D. W., Wang, Y., Wood, E. A., Giauque, A. L., Larsen, J. J., Rembusch, M. E., Lowe, M. J., & Li, T. Q. (2005). Media violence exposure executive functioning in aggressive and control adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 725-737.
Gina Marchetti, in her essay "Action-Adventure as Ideology," argues that action- adventure films implicitly convey complex cultural messages regarding American values and the "white American status quo." She continues to say that all action-adventure movies have the same basic structure, including plot, theme, characterization, and iconography. As ideology, this film genre tacitly expresses social norms, values, and morals of its time. Marchetti's essay, written in 1989, applies to films such as Raiders of the Lost Ark and Rambo: First Blood II. However, action-adventure films today seem to be straying farther away from her generalizations about structure, reflecting new and different cultural norms in America. This changing ideology is depicted best in Oliver Stone's Natural Born Killers (1994), which defies nearly every concept Marchetti proposes about action-adventure films; and it sets the stage for a whole new viewpoint of action in the '90's.
Friedrich-Cofer, L. & Huston, A.C. (1986). Television violence and aggression: The debate continues. Psychological Bulletin, 100, 364- 371.
Representations of violence in the media (defined as through news, film, and television) throughout history have contributed to desensitization to violent actions.
According to John Davidson's essay Menace to Society, "three-quarters of Americans surveyed [are] convinced that movies, television and music spur young people to violence." While public opinion is strong, the results of research are divided on the effects of media violence on the youth in this country. Davidson wrote that most experts agree that some correlation between media violence and actual violent acts exists, yet the results are contradictory and researchers quibble about how the effects are to be measured (271). Moreover, Davidson is not convinced that the media is the sole problem of violence, or even a primary problem. He points out that other factors, such as "poverty, the easy accessibility of guns, domestic abuse, [and] social instability" may have a greater impact on a child becoming violent than the influence of the media (277). Even though other forces may be stronger, media violence does have some adverse effects on the members of society. If senseless violence on television and in movies had no effect, it would not be such a hotly debated topic. What type of effects and whom they affect are the most argued aspects of the discussion.
Another problem that arises when studying the violence against women on TV and in movies is that of how the incidents occur. In the same study conducted by the Parents Te...
Many Americans feel that the viewing of violence in the media reinforces negative behavior in society, especially among children and young adults. "Three thousand studies have been done since 1955 on the link between television and violence; 2,980 of them found a correlation between the two. We hear little about that because we get most of our news from television" (Peterson). With this much research one must acknowledge that there is a problem in America involving sex and violence in the media. We cannot blame all societal problems on the media and its portrayal of these issues, but we can become educated, ourselves, in order to better facilitate the healthy lives of our children.
Many psychologists have studied the effect of the media on an individual’s behavior and beliefs about the world. There have been over 1000 studies which confirm the link that violence portrayed through the media can influence the level of aggression in the behavioral patterns of children and adults (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2001). The observed effects include, increased aggressiveness and anti-social behavior towards others, an increased fear of becoming a victim or target of aggressive behavior, becoming less sensitive to violence and victims of violent acts, and concurrently desiring to watch more violence on television and in real-life (A.A.P. 2001). According to John Murray of Kansas State University, there are three main avenues of effects: direct effects, desensitization, and the Mean World Syndrome (Murray, 1995, p. 10). The direct effects of observing violence on television include an increase in an individual’s level of aggressive behavior, and a tendency to develop favorable attitudes and values about using violence to solve conflicts and to get one’s way. As a result of exposure to violence in the media, the audience may become desensitized to violence, pain, and suffering both on television and in the world. The individual may also come to tolerate higher levels of aggression in society, in personal behavior, or in interpersonal interactions. The third effect is known as the Mean World Syndrome, which theorizes that as a result of the amount of violence seen on television and also the context and social perspective portrayed through the media, certain individuals develop a belief that the world is a bad and dangerous place, and begin to fear violence and victimization in real life (A.A.P. 2001).
Berrington, E & Honkatukia, P. (2002). An Evil Monster and a Poor Thing: Female violence in the Media. Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention. 3 (1), 50-72.
What makes the Roadrunner and Coyote cartoons so funny and memorable? Of course, the explosions, hits and falls the Coyote takes while in pursuit of the Roadrunner. Pediatrics, a pediatrician read magazine, wrote an article on the influence violence, such as that in cartoons and other forms of media, has on children from ages 2-18 titled “Media Violence.” “Although recent school shootings have prompted politicians and the general public to focus their attention on the influence of media violence, the medical community has been concerned with this issue since the 1950s,” says American Academy of Pediatrics, the author of the article in November of 2001. The article calls for a need for all pediatricians to take a stand on violence in the media and help to make sure their patients are not influenced negatively mentally or physically by violence in the media, using multiple statistics from many publications. “Media Violence” fails to be persuasive, however, due to its failure to show any evidence that its statistics are true.
Similarly, media violence is one that displays deliberate attempts to cause harm to others (Anderson & Bushman, 2001), and it includes dramatic television and movies, news, music videos and interactive media such as the Internet and video games (Anderson et al., 2003). The exhibition of media violence affects the individual’s internal state (Bushman & Anderson, 2002) and thereby presenting a significant and positive correlation, r = .19 (Anderson & Bushman, 2001). The undeniable claims that the media has the power to influence aggressive behaviours are supported by various theories, starting with the social learning
Fisher, Deborah A. "Television Violence Contributes to Aggressive Behavior in Young People." 2007. Opposing Viewpoints. .
Furthermore, television violence causes aggressive behavior in children. Many people believe that children who watch violent television programs exhibit more aggressive behavior than that exhibited by children who do not (Kinnear 23). According to the results of many studies and reports, violence on television can lead to aggressive behavior in children (Langone 50). Also, when television was introduced into a community of children for the first time, researchers observed a rise in the level of physical and verbal aggression among these children (Langone 51). The more television violence viewed by a child, the more aggressive the child is (“Children” 1).
No single factor can cause children or adults to act aggressively. Instead, it is the accumulation of risk factors that leads to an aggressive act. Hundreds of studies look into the issue of violent media, it always seems to end up the same place with three major effects including increasing aggressive behavior in a variety of forms, desensitization, and spurs fear. Not every viewer will be affected noticeably, but we know that every viewer is affected in some way. Some have argued that violent media are the primary cause of mass shooting. Others have argued that there is no solid evidence of any harmful effects of violent media. But it is clear is that exposure to media violence is one of risk factors increased aggressive behavior, desensitization, and fear.
Frazier, Stacy L., and Others And. “The Effects of Television Violence and Early Harsh Discipline on Children’s Social Cognitions and Peer-Directed Aggression.” (1997): ERIC. Web. 24 Sep. 2013. .
The regularity and asperity of media violence has dramatically increased over the years. The Media exists in almost every aspect of people’s lives and exposure to violence in the media is becoming a large concern. People are exposed violent acts in the media everyday between video games, movies, and television. Parents are distressed over the fact tha...