Unit 8A:
The drive-reduction theory may not be useful as an explanation for his impulsive behavior. Jumping up and down after the good news is not a biological drive inside of Marcus. Instead Marcus is merely excited. Therefore the drive-reduction theory is not totally relevant in this case as an explanation.
The incentive theory, may be applicable as an explanation for his behavior. If Marcus had received an incentive, a positive or negative stimulus that motivates our behavior, in the past for his grades or being outgoing, then he will be more likely to continue being an extravert. He would also jump up and down and get excited at getting a good grade on his test because of an incentive in the past.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a great explanation for Marcus’ behavior in class. His idea to jump on
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This response could lead to him doing the behavior over and over to receive their laughter. Through operant conditioning Marcus learned that if he acts in an extraverted manner he will be accepted by his peers.
There is a slight chance that Marcus could be predisposed to extraversion, therefore genetic predisposition may be an explanation for his behavior.
Unit 8B:
Sue automatically encoded the memory because the experience was unique and engaging. Her mind automatically encoded the funny memory into her brain.
Sue’s memory of this experience is a conscious memory made up of factual information. Therefore, it is an explicit memory.
Sue may have had trouble remembering this memory due to the fact that she was depressed. This memory was encoded when she was happy, so through mood-congruent memories, Sue will have difficulty recalling this happy memory if she is not happy at the moment.
Due to the two-factor theory, Sue’s happier mood came from her physiological experience, smiling, and the cognitive label she applied to the physiological changes, like
B.F. Skinner, a behaviorist, claims that people tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes. He goes further to say that they tend not to repeat responses that are followed by a negative or neutral response. If Skinner were looking at the case of Lionel Tate, he would say that Tate must hav...
Sarah even asked her own nephew, Sam to recall what he did on a specific night six weeks ago and he seemed very torn about his answer. Sam says, “Not a clue. In school, probably. Umm… actually I think I worked that day. Actually I don’t think I went to school that day.” Then Sam’s friend Elliot says, “I may have gone to the movies that night. I think I saw “22 Jump Street.” I went with Sam, Sean, Carter, a bunch of people.” By conducting this experiment Sarah was trying to show how it is very hard to remember events from days or even weeks before, especially if it is an ordinary day and there is nothing significant to remember like a big test, or a
An example of a good memory is when her science teacher gives Melinda and her biology lab partner, David Protracis an apple to dissect and study. This reminds Melinda of when her father took her to an apple orchard and sat her high up into a tree. It was windy day and the wind pushed her mother into her father’s arms. This made Melinda very happy. Her parents do not seem to get along in the story and her father rarely has time to talk to her mom or Melinda.
In the story “Peaches”, Reginald McKnight introduces his main characters, one being Marcus. Marcus is a good guy, but he is described in different ways, due to his confidence and insecurity. Throughout the work, author Reginald McKnight takes great care to illustrate situations and describe feelings and personalities that many men experience. This way, even though Marcus is having trouble controlling himself around other people and arrogant at times, he still tries to be a better person for Rita and for himself. He does this by going out of the country to experience other cultures and enhance his morals. On one level Marcus demonstrates that he is incredibly confident, on the other level he shows signs of being insecure, manipulative, unstable and incapable of achieving change.
Joey 's program will be based in Applied Behavior Analysis which was first introduced in 1913, when John Watson started a movement towards behaviorism with his article “Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It” (Miltenberger, 2012). Based on Pavlov 's observations of classical conditioning, Watson suggested that human behavior could also be explained by the same means and that the process of classical conditioning was proper subject matter for psychology. He believed all human behavior were responses to external stimuli and environmental events (Miltenberger, 2012). B. F. Skinner took Watson 's theory of classical conditioning further to include operant conditioning. The highlight of Skinner 's theory is identifying what a behavior achieves through observing the behavior. It is only after the function of behavior is identified that we can alter the consequences to increase the probability of the desired behavior 's occurrence (Miltenberger, 2012). In operant conditioning behavior is changed through the manipulation of contingencies or the use of reinforcement or punishment after the desired or undesired response occurs (Miltenberger, 2012). Skinner was able to prove through his
Three conditions isolate one potential reinforcer of self-injurious behavior. In the social disapproval condition, attention from the experimenter acts as a reinforcer. In the academic task condition, escape from the task acts as a negative reinforcer. In the alone condition, the stimulation provided by self-injury acts as a positive reinforcer. The unstructured play condition however emulates an enriched environment offering reinforcement for behaviors other that
Our memory is made up of many different types of memories; episodic, semantic, and implicit. Episodic memory is the remembrance of a certain event. An example of this
Most people are very convinced that they have memories of past experiences because of the event itself or the bigger picture of the experience. According to Ulric Neisser, memories focus on the fact that the events outlined at one level of analysis may be components of other, larger events (Rubin 1). For instance, one will only remember receiving the letter of admission as their memory of being accepted into the University of Virginia. However, people do not realize that it is actually the small details that make up their memories. What make up the memory of being accepted into the University of Virginia are the hours spent on writing essays, the anxiety faced due to fear of not making into the university and the happiness upon hearing your admission into the school; these small details are very important in creating memories of this experience. If people’s minds are preset on merely thinking that memories are the general idea of their experiences, memories become very superficial and people will miss out on what matters most in life. Therefore, in “The Amityville Horror”, Jay Anson deliberately includes small details that are unnecessary in the story to prove that only memory can give meaning to life.
Skinner believed that all behavior is determined and operant behavior is the idea that operant behavior is the idea that we expect something because we preformed a certain behavior. Skinner also believed that operant conditioning’s purpose was to bring a change positive or or negative to any behavior.
B.F Skinner developed operant conditioning. It’s the theory that one’s behavior is influenced by the actions that follow afterward. If the actions that follow afterward are consequences, then the behavior according to the theory will fade away. If the actions afterward is a positive action like a reward the behavior will continue on.
His overall condition in the episodic memory system is quite grim. Matlin and Farmer (2016) discuss episodic memory as memories of one’s own life experiences as opposed to semantic memories which mainly refer to memories of a factual nature (Matlin, 2016, p. 145). Mr. Wearing does not retain many memories of life experience at all, even from times before his illness. For example, he does remember and recognize his wife. He feels great love for her. But the film states that he has no memory of their wedding, even though it occurred almost two years before his illness. He also seems to remember his
...pporting details. At the conclusion of the article, the authors share their thoughts on how it might be virtually impossible to determine when a memory is true or false. I also like their willingness to continue the investigations despite how difficult it might be to obtain concrete answers.
Explicit memory is a conscious, recollection of an event or an item of information. It is usually measured using recall or recognition methods. Recalling has the ability to retrieve and reproduce information. Recognizing has the ability to identify information you have previously learned, read, or heard about.
... John G, knowing at the time that he was only lying to himself to make himself feel happy. Therefore, without any limitations on our memories we can allow ourselves to believe anything. Furthermore, our memories are indeed interpretations in every sense. Not only do we have the opportunity to distort information during the encoding phase but also our memories are laced with the context and emotion in which the memory is taking place. Therefore, every memory that we have is our interpretation of that context. If two individuals experienced the same event, their memories of it would differ greatly.
A significant relationship in this text is the relationship between will and Marcus, will and Marcus develop a relationship throughout the text that help them function as human beings. Both characters need this relationship because will has no purpose for his life and Marcus needs the support from a male figure. Will is a 36 years old male who is single, selfish, Immature, is looking for single parents to take advantage of. Marcus on the other hand is a 12 year old boy, lives with his single mum, is bullied, abandoned by his friends, and finds it hard to fit in. These two characters are completely different in all aspects, but this only brings them closer. Will is reluctant to commit to a relationship and so when he finds Rachael who is just as reluctant as himself he has to start lying to her about him having a child so he can join a single parents group called SPAT, this is how Marcus is introduced to Will. Wills first impression of Marcus are that he is “weird kid”(Pg 46), he also thinks that Marcus acts older than he actually is whereas Will is an immature adult and people believe that he is just a child in a grownups body. As the text progresses the relationship that Marcus and will establish grows stronger and stronger. Because Marcus has no father f...