Assignment 7
Corporate debt is a large topic. Within this topic there are many different advantages and disadvantages of corporate debt. One advantage of corporate debt is that it is a cheaper source of fund than equity up to a certain limit. Another advantage is it does not dilute the ownership of the company. Another advantage is that interest is tax deductible. It is an advantage that it increases the payout to equity stock holders when the company performs well. One last advantage is that it can be obtained for short term and long terms based on requirement. One disadvantage of corporate debt is that the payments of interest and principal must be made in time and the firm needs to have enough cash flow in time to manage that. Another disadvantage
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A number of reasons provide sanction for a corporate merger and acquisition, not all of which are necessarily financial in nature. Moreover, M&A is within the scope of the Board of Directors to pursue (1) and the company executives to initiate and execute. Since board members may also be subject to political, social, and personal interests, decisions seemingly in favor of the shareholders may also become quagmire with additional factors. According to Investopedia.com, an estimated 66% of mergers and acquisitions are not successful because of M&A intent. Of the 33% that are considered successful, the mergers and acquisitions achieved a net gain from the M&A with our without bad M&A intent. A number of reasons for the majority of failures exist in addition to the failures themselves indicating a potential disadvantage of M&A activity is a relatively high risk of failure.(www.investopedia.com). In some cases, mergers and acquisitions may not only disadvantage the shareholders but consumers as well. In both cases, this may happen when the newly formed company becomes a large oligopoly or monopoly. Moreover, when higher pricing power emerges from reduced competition, consumers may be financially disadvantaged. There are some potential disadvantages facing consumers though. One of which is increase in cost to consumers. Another is the decrease of corporate performance and services. Suppression of competing businesses is another disadvantage. Shareholders may also be disadvantaged by corporate leadership if it becomes too content or complacent with its market positioning. In other words, when M&A activity reduces industry competition and produces a powerful and influential corporate entity, that company may suffer from non-competitive stimulus and lowered share prices. Lower share prices and equity valuations may also arise from the merger itself being a short-term disadvantage to the
fail (Cheng, 2012). Mergers and acquisitions are much common in these days and only a few of them are end up in successes. Even though mergers and acquisitions are not result much successes rate, many organizations are still preferring it because, it is used as a cooperative strategy but nowadays it is used for cooperative development. The cultural differences and merger integration can be considered as an important factor for the failure rate but this study mainly focused
"Debate on Student Loan Debt Doesn 't Go Far Enough." Applebaum, Robert. Hill (2012). Print.
Gaughan, P. A., 2002. Mergers, Acquisitions, and Corporate restructuring. 3rd ed.New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The consistent high spending of capital equipment is the first reason why one would recommend reducing the debt to equity ratio. A company with higher levels of debt is less flexible in being able to adjust to new market demands and conditions that require the company to make new products or respond to competition. Looking at the pecking order of financing, issuing new shares to fund capital investing is the last resort and a company that has high levels of debt, must move to the equity side to avoid the risk of bankruptcy. Defaulting on loans occur when increased costs or bad economic conditions lead the firm to have lower net income than the payments on loans. The risk of defaulting on loans and the direct and indirect cost related to defaulting lead firms to prefer lower levels of debt. The financial distress caused by additional leverage can lead to lower cash flows available to all investors, lower than if the firm was financed by equity only. Additionally, the high debt ratio that Du Pont incurred also led to them dropping from a AAA bond rating to a AA bond Rating. Although the likelihood of not being able to acquire loans would be minimal, there are increased interest costs with having a lower bond rating. The lower bond rating signals to investors that the firm is more likely to default than if it had a higher (AAA) bond rating.
There is no universal theory of the debt-equity choice, and no reason to expect one. In this essay I will critically assess the Pecking Order Theory of capital structure with reference and comparison of publicly listed companies. The pecking order theory says that the firm will borrow, rather than issuing equity, when internal cash flow is not sufficient to fund capital expenditures. This theory explains why firms prefer internal rather than external financing which is due to adverse selection, asymmetry of information, and agency costs (Frank & Goyal, 2003). The trade-off theory comes from the pecking order theory it is an unintentional outcome of companies following the pecking-order theory. This explains that firms strive to achieve an optimal capital structure by using a mixture debt and equity known to act as an advantage leverage. Modigliani and Miller (1958) showed that the decisions firms make when choosing between debt and equity financing has no material effects on the value of the firm or on the cost or availability of capital. They assumed perfect and frictionless capital markets, in which financial innovation would quickly extinguish any deviation from their predicted equilibrium.
Elliott states, “A college education should offer to all graduates similar opportunities to achieve financial success in the long run.” It does not in fact to that at all. Having high debt holds students back from that. It is sad you cannot go to school for what you are passionate about cause the fear of debt and not having good money after graduation. Article mentions, “two students investing similar levels of effort and ability in college and yet achieving dissimilar outcomes upon graduation. Obviously, there is a different in the post-graduation lives of students with and without debt” (Elliott). It would not be worth it to the one with debt because they cannot use their degree. All of your loans would not be worth it because of loan debt. I feel it would only be worth it if you had means on paying it back instead of struggling. Loans are not
The American peoples debt is almost entirely the faults of all those who participate in the active use of the credit cards solicited to them. This is due to several factors, the first of which is the ability of classes below the Upper-Middle and Upper classes being able to acquire credit cards easily and readily. The second reason is that the interest rates of these credit cards, set by the companies that advertise and produce them, has been and, in the foreseeable future, will be extremely high. Finally, the credit card debt is such a problem today because the market for credit card companies is so concentrated that isn't regulated enough to make any difference.
In addition to the pro-competitive economic effect some firms also experience what is known as a post-merger which is basically an incentive for a firm to raise downstream competitor costs by raising upstream market costs. Hence the increased price pressures the previously established downstream prices which cause conflict.
As the business, people put it, to maximize the wealth of shareholders (Peavler, 2016). This could be done by pursuing more of an immediate reason that will realize the shareholders wealth maximization goal. However, this main reason may fail to be realized as most mergers depict negative results.
There are also a few cons in accounting for these instruments are either debt of equity. "Excessive debt financing may impair your (the company's) credit rating and your ability to raise more money in the future (Financing Basics, 1). If a company has too much debt, it could be considered too risky and unsafe for a creditor to lend money. Also with excessive debt, a business could have problems with business downturns, credit shortages, or interest rate increases. "Conversely, too much equity financing can indicate that you are not making the most productive use of your capital; the capital is not being used advantageously as leverage for obtaining cash" (Financing Basics, 1). A low amount of equity shows that the owne...
Companies merge and acquire other companies for a lot of strategic reasons with different degrees of success. The success of a merger is measured by whether the value of the acquiring firm is enhanced by it. The impact of mergers and acquisitions on an organization can be small and big in other cases. Mergers and acquisitions immediately impact organizations with changes in rights, and ideas and eventually, in practice. There are multiple reasons, some are motives and financial forces just to name a few.
These international bankers created the central banks of the world (including the Federal Reserve), and they use those central banks to get the governments of the world ensnared in endless cycles of debt from which there is no escape. Government debt is a way to “legitimately” take money from all of us, transfer it to the government, and then transfer it into the pockets of the ultra-wealthy. These international bankers created the central banks of the world (including the Federal Reserve), and they use those central banks to get the governments of the world ensnared in endless cycles of debt from which there is no escape. Government debt is a way to “legitimately” take money from all of us, transfer it to the government, and then transfer
In choosing between internal sources or external sources of capital, the directors of a company are obligated to act in the way in which the directors consider (in good faith) would promote the success of the company for the benefit of its members. Some of the likely considerations around debt are:
When entrepreneurs plan their business future they will consider how they can increase their business size or profit in a short period. Entrepreneurs may consider growing their business or company by using a merger or an acquisition. These methods can be a speed up tool and a short cut to enlarge their business. (Burns, 2011) Also they can reduce competition, make it easier for entrepreneurs to think about the market and product development and risk reduction. Furthermore, some lesser – known companies can improve their firm’s image and market power by using merger and acquisition with larger firms. However, there may be risks associated with merger and acquisition related to lack of finance and time. (Burns, 2011) This essay will discuss more deeply the advantages and disadvantages of using mergers and acquisitions, showing how it can affect firms and market with the case study.
The capital structure of a firm is the way in which it decides to finance its operations from various funds, comprising debt, such as bonds and outstanding loans, and equity, including stock and retained earnings. In the long term, firms seek to find the optimal debt-equity ratio. This essay will explore the advantages and disadvantages of different capital structure mixes, and consider whether this has any relevance to firm value in theory and in reality.