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Evidence of genetics affecting intelligence
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What will end the world as we know it? It could be climate change, disease, famine, or global war. If none of those come to pass there is always the truth that we are breeding our IQ into the basement. It’s called dysgeneic fertilization, and it has been happening for as long as we’ve been recording intelligence. Although this decline can be seen across the board, not everyone is affected the same way or to the same extent. With each generation that passes a gap widens between those retaining intelligence and those hemorrhaging intelligence. Action must be taken to prevent the gap from widening in order to stem a social divide and dystopia from forming.
Declining intellect is a problem that has been of interest for over a century. Sir Francis Galton, English scientist, published works on the matter as early as 1869 with Hereditary Genius and followed by Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development in 1883. His two major works lay out the groundwork for future study of eugenics, dysgenics, and genetics. When it comes to the genetics of intelligence there are now two recognized types of intelligence, phenotypic and genotypic. Richard Lynn and John Harvey, geneticists, define these types as “phenotypic intelligence is measured intelligence,” and “genotypic intelligence is the genetic component of intelligence” (113). It is the genotypic intelligence that has been declining through dysgenics. James Flynn, emeritus professor at the University of Otago, was credited with the “Flynn Effect”. The “Flynn Effect” describes IQ changes in population over time (Graham). Flynn is commonly cited for the decline in the idea of dysgenics, which is a decline in IQ in a genetic pool over time by dysgenetic fertilization. Though Fly...
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... the beginning because you are moving and that is better than standing still. Be a part of the solution; improve yourself for you and the world for everyone.
Works Cited
Galton, Francis. Hereditary Genesis. London: Macmillan, 1869. Web. 10 Apr. 2014.
---. Inquiries into Human Faculties and Its Development. London: Macmillan, 1883. Web. 10 Apr. 2014.
Graham, Charles. "Human Intelligence: The Flynn Effect." Human Intelligence: The Flynn Effect. Ed. Jonathan Plucker. N.p., 07 Nov. 2013. Web. 14 Apr. 2014.
Herrnstein, Richard J., and Charles A. Murray. The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life. New York: Free, 1994. Print. 27 Mar. 2014
Lynn, Richard, and John Harvey. "The Decline of the World's IQ." Intelligence 36 (2008): 112- 120. Web. 10 Apr. 2014
Central Intelligence Agency. Central Intelligence Agency, 27 Mar. 2014. Web. 12 Apr. 2014.
...est high school students in America” (Gladwell 82). It was shocking to learn that all the Nobel Prize in Medicine winners did not all come from the most prestigious schools. Also, in the third chapter I notices some aspects that were highly relatable to me. My life relates to subjects included in chapter three because I am a student. It is interesting and helpful to learn that one does not need the highest IQ to succeed in today’s world. This is how I relate to chapter three. The third chapter in Outlier by Malcolm Gladwell had striking information that stated that IQs do not always determine who will be successful, and I can relate to the information in the chapter because I am student who has thought about my IQ before.
In his article, “None of the Above: What IQ Doesn’t Tell You about Race” journalist Malcolm Gladwell refutes the notion that intelligence is based on genetics and argues that IQ is not just based on an individual’s level of thinking but also on the location where an individual resides. In 1984, James Flynn discovered that over the years, the IQ of people around the world had been increasing by three points per decade. This is now known as the Flynn effect. The IQ fundamentalists around the world believe that IQ score shows an individual’s level of thinking and it is based on genetics. However, Flynn effect disproves this
General intelligence tends to relate to various degrees with each other (Cohen 2012). An example of this is that if an individual is good in math, they may also be good in spelling. In this weeks reading we reviewed several different models of measurement of intelligence. In regard to these theories and general intelligence (g), the theories are various but have commonality and overlap. The Spearman's two-factor theory is if a test has high correlation with other test than the measurement of g is highly saturated (Cohen, 2012). The greater the importance of g on a test, the better the test is believed to predict intelligence
With all this up and coming technology, many people think that is would take away intelligence from someone but that is not true. Technology is not ruining this generation but it is making it better. We are in a “literacy revolution” because of technology. According to Clive Thompson “Before the Internet
Today, realising that genes and environment cooperate and interact synergistically, traditional dichotomy of nature vs. nurture is commonly seen as a false dichotomy. Especially operant conditioning, i.e. the learning of the consequences of one's own behavior can lead to positive feedback loops between genetic predispositions and behavioral consequences that render the question as to cause and effect nonsensical. Positive feedback has the inherent tendency to exponentially amplify any initial small differences. For example, an at birth negligible difference between two brothers in a gene affecting IQ to a small percentage, may lead to one discovering a book the will spark his interest in reading, while the other never gets to see that book. One becomes an avid reader who loves intellectual challenges while the other never finds a real interest in books, but hangs out with his friends more often. Eventually, the reading brother may end up with highly different IQ scores in standardized tests, simply because the book loving brother has had more opportunities to train his brain. Had both brother received identical environmental input, their IQ scores would hardly differ.
Cognitive development is the development of memory, reasoning, problem-solving and thinking abilities in a child. A UK based study about Socioeconomic Status and Children’s Intelligence based on the environment was conducted. In previous studies, where they studies genes and intelligence, it was seen that the results varied from study to study. Some studies found that in low-SES families, genetic factors have less of the variance in intelligence; the reverse is found for high-SES families (Hanscombe, Trzaskowski, Haworth, Davis, Dale, and Plomin, 2012). Other studies have reported an effect in the opposite direction. Since the results on intelligence and genes were varied, the researchers looked into environmental factors that may affect the intelligence in children. In the research they used 8716 twin pairs from the Twins Early Development Study, and replicated moderating effect of SES on children’s intelligence at ages 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 12 and 14 to find lower heritability in lower-SES families. In the results they found a greater variance in intelligence in low-SES families, but minimal evidence of gene interaction across the all eight ages. It was found that there were no m...
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EV1: A poor white woman named Carrie Buck was sterilized in 1927 because her mother was “feebleminded”. A Youtube video titled “Fixed To Fail: Buck vs. Bell / Forced Sterilization Eugenics” it explains that, “Carrie was assumed to have inherited these traits, and was sterilized after giving birth”. The sterilization of Buck shows that scientists thought that intelligence could be passed down and marginalizes people who are “unintelligent”
As a mother, I am shocked and dismayed by the general acceptance of the myth of genetic determinism. One's environment, including people one interacts with, has an undeniable influence on how one develops. Nonetheless, many scientists disregard the impact of environment on one's intelligence. I do not deny that one's biology is a crucial part of one's identity. Inheritance of physical traits is obvious. Children often look "just like" their father or mother, or another relative. One's genes determine eye and hair color, height and body build. I believe, however, that what makes us human is not something that can be found in...
...osh, D.E., Dixon, F. Newton, J.H., & Youman, E. (2010). A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition, With A High-Achieving Sample. Psychology in Schools, 47(10), 1071-1083.
Most researchers believe that we are born with a certain intelligence or potential intelligence. They also believe that the intelligence we are born with is difficult to change. Psychologists use short-answer tests to assess one’s intelligence (Gardner papers). It was believed that intelligence was a single inherited thing. Human beings start out initially as a blank slate and could be trained to learn anything, provided that it was presented in an appropriate way (Multiple Intelligences and Education). Currently an “increasing number of researchers believe the opposite. Gardner defined intelligence as: “the ability to create an effective product or offer a service that is valued in culture; a set ...
Recent information collected showing an increase to our IQs have many asking the question, are we smarting than our ancestors? Unlike our predecessors, we live in a time that poses a greater range of cognitive problems than our ancestors encountered, and as a result we've developed new cognitive skills and the kinds of brains that can deal with these problems. So in a way we are getting smarter throughout history, though it is widely debated if this is due to our environment or genes. Since IQ tests have been standardised many times over the last one hundred years, scientists have participants take a test designed for a previous age and record the results. What (Flynn, 1994) unearthed was that new test takers score much higher than those of the older generation. Flynn and his colleagues guessed that the difference in scores was due to improving modern environments. To them IQ is part heritable and part environmental- provide a child with opportunities to learn and they're likely to have a higher IQ later in
Taking an in-depth look at a study performed by researchers at King’s College London with 11000 twins, both identical and non-identical, Van Court made her point that genetics plays an important part in determining the level of intelligence a person shows. Van Court also states that in recent studies our species has been shown to tend towards diminishing intelligence, which she attributes to dysgenic fertility, that is, a cycle where reproduction between people with low levels of intelligence is greater, and thereby increasingly generating less intelligent individuals. Van Court states that “The main reason for dysgenic fertility is that intelligent women use birth control more successfully than unintelligent women do. This seems to be the case regardless of which method is used. Women of high, average, and low-IQ all want, on average, the same number of children, but low-IQ women have far more accidental pregnancies, and thus more children (Van
Furnham, A. 2001. Self-estimates of intelligence: culture and gender difference in self and other estimates of both general (g) and multiple intelligences. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, pp. 1381-1405.
As numerous research and studies' findings have shown, both nature and nurture work together. These shouldn't be considered as separate, but instead intertwined, as they both interact and depend on each other. An interaction of genetic and environmental factors are responsible for influencing and determining intelligence levels.