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Spanish conquest in Latin America
Spanish conquest in Latin America
Spanish conquest in Latin America
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The Conquest of New Spain
“What I myself saw, and the fighting in which I took part, with God’s help I will describe quite plainly, as an honest eyewitness, without twisting the facts in any way”, Bernal Diaz stated in The Conquest of New Spain. This action filled book is not only a true story about a soldier named Bernal Diaz’s first eyewitness account of the overthrow of Mexico by Hernan Cortes, the leader of the army, but it’s also an eyewitness view of one of the greatest civilizations in the New World (The Conquest of New Spain). Disappointed by the chronicles of the conquest published by Francisco Lopez de Gomara and Bartolome de las Casas, Diaz decided to write the true chronicles of his event. In this book Bernal Diaz describes the
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entry into Spanish civilization and his view on what went on after arriving to each town.
He also describes his thoughts during each confrontation with the habitants. This story depicts the interactions between the Spaniards and Mesoamericans.
Bernal Diaz was born in 1492 in Spain. Belonging to a family with a low income, Diaz decided to set out on several expeditions to hopefully become wealthy. After the unlucky expeditions with Francisco Hernandez and Juan de Grijalva there was a lot of talk about sending another fleet and who was going to be the captain. After Hernando Cortes was addressed captain he immediately began to collect arms and after exchanging gestures with the King, Cortes and his fleet left. Cortes was highly praised by many and because of this, the chief inhabitants of the towns they were staying at found places for Cortes and the soldiers to stay. Throughout the book Cortes describes what it was like being under Cortes’ command. He
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proceeds to describe the friendly encounter with Montezuma. Montezuma sent his servant out to deliver a generous amount of gifts including golden objects, fruit, baked fish, and beads of twisted glass to name a few. When Cortes and Montezuma meet in Mexico for the first time, Bernal describes how Cortes offered Montezuma his right hand, but Montezuma refused it and extended his own (The Conquest of New Spain 217). This is a good example of Montezuma relaying the message that he has the highest power. Montezuma had his nephews give Cortes and the soldiers a tour of the town and afterwards when they came back to where they would be staying Montezuma was waiting for Cortes with a very rich necklace made of golden crabs and had his servants prepare dinner for Cortes and all the soldiers. Throughout their stay they were told to be alert in case there were any attacks being plotted. Bernal went on to describe what he saw when he, four other soldiers, and Cortes went to Montezuma’s palace. Montezuma ate over 30 dishes for each meal.
Everyday his servants cooked fowls, turkeys, pheasants, local partridges, quail, tame and rabbits (Diaz 225). He had entertainment for every meal including dancing dwarfs and Indians who told him jokes. He also had two houses stocked with every weapon. He had an aviary that had every kind of bird in it. There was the royal eagle, smaller eagles, large birds, multi-colored birds, birds with fine green feathers, parrots, and ducks. Also in the aviary there was a fresh water tank that contained a bird with long stilt legs and a red body. In another house there were many idols that they called their fierce gods. There were lions, adives, foxes, and other small animals in this house. The heads of the Indians they sacrificed are hung up on a beam in another room, which also has vipers that were kept in jars. The performers that entertained Montezuma included stilt-walkers and men dressed as clowns. Montezuma’s gardens had variety of flowers, trees, ponds and baths built of
stone. Cortes took advantage of the hospitality that was received from Montezuma and his servants and took Montezuma hostage, hoping to gain the empire through him. They did this by plotting a series of events that would hopefully, for them, work out so they could take Montezuma hostage. Cortes sent out a message that Cortes and the five captains, Pedro de Alvarado, Gonzalo de Sandoval, Juan Velazquez de Leon, Francisco de Lugo, Alonso de Avila, and Bernal Diaz, were coming to visit. He greeted Montezuma as he normally would and after a brief conversation about how Montezuma ordered his captains to kill Cortes and his crew Cortes sternly told Montezuma he would be following Cortes back to his quarters and that if he made any noise or sudden cries he would be killed. Dumbfounded, Montezuma immediately denied ordering his people to attack Cortes and that he would punish them immediately if Cortes let him go. Cortes refused to settle for any deal and after arguing back and forth, Montezuma finally agreed to go back with Cortes. He was treated with great hospitality by Cortes and the rest of them. This is how Cortes and his men made Montezuma prisoner. In conclusion, this novel, adventure, and the conquer of New Spain ended with the eventual capture of the city. Bernal Diaz and Hernan Cortes both went through great trouble and danger in order to take power over a city that they both felt passionately about. Had it not been for their absolute desire to obtain the city, they most likely would have failed on their treacherous expedition. The captain wanted to become the head of a spectacular empire, thus driving him to finish his plan. Diaz was a part of this plan solely because of his love for the expedition and his devotion to his captain. The conclusion of this novel leaves the reader feeling satisfied and enthralled because the master plan to take over New Spain is not only successful, but gives a sense of closure that all of the excitement was not for nothing.
In this section his initial thoughts show through. “But losers matter, especially in the history of early America.” Many different regions of early America are examined in their years of early conquest when native populations started their descent. The biggest theme throughout the section is the effect that conquistadors and explorers had on the native population in their search for gold and glory. The information that is given is not typical of what is learned of early America, but tries to really focus on the most important figures of the time and there voyages. For example, when talking about the Plains nations and there explorers, Coronado and De Soto a tattooed woman woman is brought up who had been captured by both explorers at different times and different places, but little is known about her. “Of the tattooed woman who witnessed the two greatest expeditions of conquest in North America, and became captive to both, nothing more is known.” This point captures the main idea of the theme and what many know of this time. Horwitz aims to point out the important facts, not just the well known
Alfredo Corchado — is the author of the book named " Midnight in Mexico:A Reporter's Journey through a Country's Descent into Darkness”. We are, probably, all interested in finding out the facts, news, and gossips about Mexico. This country was always associated with something mysterious. For me personally, the title of the book seemed to be very gripping, I was interested in revealing the secrets of life in Mexico, thus I decided to read this book. I was really curious, what can Alfredo Corchado tell me about the life in this country, the country, where the constant massacre is the picture, people used to see. In his book, the author tells the reader about the real situations, which took place in Mexico, reveals the secrets of the people’s lives and tells the story from the “inside”. He describes the way he lives his life, and does his work. The " Midnight in Mexico: A Reporter's Journey through a Country's Descent into Darkness” is a memoir. Author tries to transform his own experience into the story line. Corchado shows the reader the darkest episodes of Mexican society, while relying on his own experience.
Portilla starts out by giving a thorough background of the culture and religious beliefs. The reader can draw many theories on how this carried over to the Aztecs way of thinking and fighting. In addition to the religion and culture, Portilla shows the technology advantages the Spanish had over the Aztecs. He also goes on to describe the poor leadership of Motecuhzoma. Motecuhzoma will be portrayed as a coward. Portilla also writes about the strategy that worked rather well for the Spanish as they made alliances with the Tlaxcalatecas and other cities. He finally talks about plague that wiped out much of the Aztecs. This may have been the greatest factor in the fall of the Aztecs Empire. All of these factors combined effectively show how the Spaniards prevailed over this great Aztec Empire of the 15th and early 16th century.
In Malintzin’s Choices, Townsend displays expertise while pulling together the information she has gotten from published and archived accounts. It highlights the significance of a woman’s life in possibly its most complete and sensible illustration yet. Townsend repositions Malintzin to allow her historic episodes to be better understood, despite the myths that have been around for too long. In the process, Townsend discloses very real, completely human stories behind the trans-Atlantic conflict and accommodation that was inherent in the Spanish invasion and occupation of Mexico.
“The Conquest of New Spain” is the first hand account of Bernal Diaz (translated by J.M. Cohen) who writes about his personal accounts of the conquest of Mexico by himself and other conquistadors beginning in 1517. Unlike other authors who wrote about their first hand accounts, Diaz offers a more positive outlook of the conquest and the conquistadors motives as they moved through mainland Mexico. The beginning chapters go into detail about the expeditions of some Spanish conquistadors such as Francisco Hernandez de Cordoba, Juan de Grijalva and Hernando Cotes. This book, though, focuses mainly on Diaz’s travels with Hernando Cortes. Bernal Diaz’s uses the idea of the “Just War Theory” as his argument for why the conquests were justifiable
One, he gives us a point of reference for someone in his difficult and turbulent time period. He was a (presumably) rich Mexican that saw the injustice of how the white American settlers treated the Mexicans that lived near them. He shows us another side of the story, beside the story that the victors would’ve shared.
Alvar Nunez Cabeza De Vaca. "The Narrative of Cabeza de Vaca" University of Nebraska Press, 2003.
Victors and Vanquished by Stuart Schwartz attempts to explore differing perspectives of the conquest of Mexico as the historical narratives are from both the outlook of the Spanish conquistadors as well as the Nahua peoples. In these primary sources, there was a fundamental focus on the encounters between the Spaniards and the Mexica. The first source is an excerpt from The True History of the Conquest of New Spain by Bernal Díaz del Castillo, a Spanish conquistador, who participated as a foot solider in the conquest of Mexico with Hernán Cortés. Although Díaz del Castillo was a witness of the conquest, he wrote his account of what he had witnessed decades after the Spanish victory, in 1521. In his account, Díaz del Castillo concentrated on the ways in which the Spanish viewed the Nahua peoples. The second source is taken from the Florentine Codex and is one which was collected twenty
8. Meyer, Michael C., et al. The Course of Mexican History, 7th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
In Matthew Restall’s book The Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest, he argues that many of the widely accepted modern beliefs about the Spanish Conquest are misguided or skewed. These myths more importantly show how dependent history is on the perspective of the one who is writing it, and how the writer perceives the events happening around them. One example, is the myth of white Spaniards going to a foreign land on the decree of a king and finding barbarous natives who are inferior to these so-called great men. Using documentation written from both sides, and taking into account the context of the time period, Restall explores the myths of the Spanish Conquest in order to frame a less romanticized, well-rounded view of what actually happened
What does the president of the U.S. mean to you? What does it mean to have the title “President”? Is there an extra sense of obligation or authority to that name? It has been known that a few presidents in particular did not live up to the expectations associated with the presidency title. One of them was named Porfirio Diaz and he is the number one cause of the Mexican revolution. When is decades long rule over Mexico was challenged he got his framed an innocent man and sent him to prison. This man eventually called for a revolution against the president. The people had been ready for years and this is just what they needed; the revolution had begun. The Mexican revolution was an extremely bloody conflict between the people of Mexico and the presidents they had to live under.
The downfall of the Aztec Empire was a major building block of the Spanish colonial empire in the Americas. Spain’s empire would stretch all the way into North America from the Southwest United States all the way up the Pacific Coast. The unfortunate side effect of this was the elimination of many nations of indigenous people. The three major themes shown in this conquest really give deeper look into the anatomy of this important historical event. Without context on the extent of native assistance given to Cortez in his fight with the Aztecs, a reader would be grossly uniformed. The Spanish conquest was closer to a civil war than an actual conquest. Until reading detailed personal accounts of the fighting it is difficult to judge the deadly effectiveness of the Spaniards technological superiority. Without it is difficult to imagine 500 conquistadors holding thousands of native warriors at bay. Once the greed of Cortez and greed in general of the Europeans one understands that if it wasn’t Cortez if would have just been a different man at a different time. Unfortunately fame and prosperity seem to always win over cares about fellow human beings
Bowden’s idea of why this happened focused mainly on the old misunderstood traditions of the tribes living in Mexico. He shows how the friars, churches and icons took the blunt of the revolts force. Bowden points out the religious differences and similarities be...
In schools, students are being taught wrong information. “Our gods were vanquished after the fall of Tenochtitlan as were our traditions. Our warriors and nobles were eradicated, our children starved and our women ravished by the white conquerors and their allies.” (157). In books across America, the Spaniards were said to be good people, but the way that Huitzitzilin described what happened, shows the complete opposite of how the Spaniards actually were.
Cortés came not to the New World to conquer by force, but by manipulation. Bernal Díaz del Castillo, in the "Conquest of New Spain," describes how Cortés and his soldiers manipulated the Aztec people and their king Montezuma from the time they traveled from Iztapalaopa to the time when Montezuma took Cortés to the top of the great Cue and showed him the whole of Mexico and its countryside, and the three causeways which led into Mexico. Castillo's purpose for recording the mission was to keep an account of the wealth of Montezuma and Mexico, the traditions, and the economic potential that could benefit Cortés' upcoming conquest. However, through these recordings, we are able to see and understand Cortés' strategy in making Mexico "New Spain." He came as a wolf in a sheep's clothing and manipulated Montezuma through his apparent innocence.