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The history of career and technical education
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Career and Technical Education (CTE) mission has always been to develop an educated & skilled workforce to keep the United State viable in a global market. At this juncture in US history, CTE is vital to help create a workforce with 21st Century Skills to remain a global leader. The Common Core standards require students to “employ contextualized work-based, project-based, and problem-based learning approaches” to gain workforce readiness skills ("Programs of Study Design Framework," 2010). Since its birth this has been the mission of CTE programs. Signed in to law by Abraham Lincoln, The Morrill Act of 1862 or Land Grant College Act was the birth of Career and Technical Education in the United States. The Morrill Act allowed access to high education to all genders and social classes “in agriculture home economics, mechanical arts and other professions of the time” ("150th anniversary of," 2013). CTE’s fundamental purpose to develop an educated workforce was expanded in the Smith-Hughes Act of 1917. The Smith-Hughes Act required standards in teacher training and vocational program development to insure that there was a crucial trained workforce to be able to aid in the economic expansion of the United States.
The United States has always seen the important of CTE in national defense. A stable highly skilled workforce is a base to a stable government and economy. Never was it view more important than in 1958, during the height of the cold war. The National Defense Education Act made funds available to CTE program to be “used exclusively for the training of “highly skilled technicians in recognized occupations requiring scientific knowledge in fields necessary for the national defense” (Oklahoma Department of Career and...
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Goble, D., & Department of Career and Technology Education, (2004). Learning to earn: A history of career and technology education in oklahoma. Oklahoma Department of Career and Technology Education. Retrieved from http://www.okcareertech.org/about/history/excepts-from-the-recently-published-book-by-danney-goble
Oklahoma Department of Career and Technology Education, (2006). Major milestones of career & technology education in oklahoma. Career Tech, (pp. 1-12). Retrieved from http://www.okcareertech.org/educators/cimc/resources/downloads-1/learning-to-earn/learning-to-earn/history_of_careertech_lo_res.pdf/view
U.S. Department of Education, Office of Vocational and Adult Education, Division of Academic and Technical Education, (2010). Programs of Study Design Framework. Retrieved from website: http://cte.ed.gov/nationalinitiatives/rposdesignframework.cfm
During the 1800s our country was experiencing a significant push for progress and innovation. Businesses were booming as a result of the Industrial Revolution, and the nation was facing the struggles that come with racial controversy. The need for education was considerable; however, higher education was limited to only prestige individuals. Moreover, the only colleges were either private or faith-based, making it even more difficult for working class citizens to be admitted. Justin Smith Morrill, a Republican legislator from Vermont, recognized this demand and initiated a plan to increase accessibility to advanced curriculum. Morrill pushed the idea to organize public institutions that offered agriculture and mechanic education and training. His emphasis on more practical skills instead of the arts was faced with much opposition. Angered legislators feared that creating A&M colleges would deplete the budget and jeopardize the integrity of established universities. They also expressed their view that the government should not make decisions regarding higher education. Among those who resisted Morrill’s proposal was President James Buchanan, who vetoed Morrill’s original plans in 1857. Fortunately, Justin Morrill would gain another supporter during the following presidential election.
Originally, education was only attainable through wealth and the established schools were limited to teaching language and religion, also known as classical education. However, this act changed the precedent and provided an education at a reduced price to the lower and middle class citizens of America. The education from this act also met the demands of the growing, industrializing nation because it supplied educated scientists and engineers to help diminish the growing deficit the country had been experiencing since it was founded (Loss, C.). Many people seized this opportunity and their success in the land grant schools have significantly changed the way agriculture currently works. For example, it is common for farmers of today to account for the effects environment, rate of photosynthesis, respiration, and water consumption have on their crop yield, but without the students that attended the land-grant colleges established by the Morrill Act, this information may not have been found until many years later (Edmond).
In the United States, the history of Career and Technical Education evolved within four major periods. First, the Awakening period which began in 1776-1826, when the right to a free public education was expressed. During this era, educational opportunities in labor and industrial education were being demanded. The rising working class began to press for an education that were more appropriate for their labor and industry’s needs (Awakening 1776-1826, 1976). Even Benjamin Franklin who represented the Awakening middle class was on board with the rise of technical and vocational education which were taught primarily by private masters or contracted apprenticeships (Cohen, 1976).
Dana Goldstein a journalist from The Nation says that, “47 million American jobs are expected to be created between now and 2018, and about two-thirds will require some sort of education beyond high school.” In making this comment, Goldstein is showing us that the only way to be prosperous in the future is to educate our children. Goldstein goes on to say that, “27 percent of workers with occupational licenses earn more than the average recipient of a bachelor’s degree.” In other words, Goldstein is trying to tell us that a bachelor 's degree isn 't the only way to go and that we need to increase funding for vocational schools and community
Career and technical education courses are intended to prepare high school students to enter the work force in a skilled trade. It equips the students with the experience and education necessary to succeed in an average skill level job while maintaining the student’s interest. In an article that focuses on an aviation CTE program, a “senior policy analyst at the Morrison Institute, said that Career and Technical Education provides another opportunity for students who struggle in high school.” The assumption is that students who struggle in high school presumably do not want another four years of education to attain a bachelor’s degree. Until recently, schools have been excessively geared towards college readiness. The dogma was elementary school, high school, college, without exception. With this “one size fits all” education system in place, a different education course had to evolve. CTE courses offer a break from the tedious grind by introducing career readiness as an alternative. In place of the four years in a college, CTE programs gives student...
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If more people went to college, and less went the vocational route, jobs will take a momentous hit. Today, companies will not even touch an application that does not include a Bachelor’s Degree; even if the Bachelor’s Degree has nothing to do with the job being applied for. Attention is not given to whether the hopeful applicant qualifies for the job; all that matters is that the applicant has a Bachelor’s degree. Murray best sums up the American job market when he says, “Employers do not value what the student learned, just that the student has a degree” (Murray). However, if less people obtain a Bachelor’s Degree, employers will be forced to base applicants on their skills, and abilities. Furthermore, important vocational jobs that lie vacant will be filled. Good electricians, carpenters, and construction workers will always be in
Education week, 22(41) p.12. Retrieved September 28, 2003 from EBSCO database (Masterfile) on the World Wide Web: http://www.ebsco.com.
Grover, G. (2002). Career information center eighth engineering, science, and technology. (8th ed.). Michigan: visual education corporation.
I have known from an early age that I’ve wanted to become a doctor. Helping people has always been a passion of mine. When I was younger, I wanted to be a veterinarian. However, after working with young children I have found that I love working with them, and have a connection with children. Currently, I am interested in becoming either a neonatologist or a general pediatrician so I can continue to work with young children.
DeCoste, D. C. (2001). A Handbook on Universal Design for Learning. Rockville, MD 20850: Montgomery County Public Schools.
National Center on Universal Design for Learning. (2012b). Learner Variability and Universal Design for Learning [Online seminar presentation]. Retrieved from http://udlseries.udlcenter.org/presentations/learner_variability.html?plist=explore
“Website.” CDM Career Zone Copyright 2008 Career Planning Associates, Inc. 29 Nov. 2013. Web. 29 Nov. 2013 http://www.cdmcareerzone.com/profile/29-1051.00