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Strengths and weaknesses of social cohesion
Nature of authority
Authority is defined as the legitimate right to tell other people what to do
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Man has authority over every other species on earth. What is authority and what is it made up of? Lonergan answers this in his piece, “Dialectic of Authority.” His analysis of power includes its definition and its requirements. He explains how it comes about and the efforts people must go through to achieve it, both in a community and as individuals. He also ties it to the transcendental precepts.
According to Lonergan, authority can be defined as “legitimate power.” The definitions and attributes of power and legitimacy must be discussed in order to truly grasp the concept of authority. This legitimate power can only be harvested when applied to the transcendental precepts. These are to be attentive, be intelligent, be responsible, and be reasonable. These will be discussed after a reflection upon power and legitimacy.
Humans must cooperate together in order to achieve power. This cooperation can happen in two instances. The first is the cooperation of humans from generation to generation. If humans did not do this, we would be in the same state that we were when we first existed as primitive beings. North Koreans today serve as a good example. Little to no media leaves or enters North Korea making the people inside very weak. They do not have any cooperation with the rest of the world and therefore yield very little to no power. All power that exists today is the result of the buildup, growth, and incorporation of power from previous generations.
The second instance is cooperation at any time and any place. Today cooperation yields great results. They say two brains are better than one. An individual cannot achieve as much as a group can achieve and the same applies to one group and multiple groups. The more people that work...
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... due to privilege. This might make people who are living under illegitimate and unauthentic power rise up and contest the ruling party. The people can have another nature too. If the people have illegitimate intentions, they will support illegitimate rule and vice versa.
Authority is a complex and important attribute of the philosophy of knowledge. It allows for systems to be formed and gives rise and has given rise to many great civilizations. Its source is in the legitimate power of community and cooperation between individuals and groups. Authenticity decides whether power is legitimate and can have a great impact on the way authorities function in terms of happy or unhappy citizens. Finally, authority is attributed with the transcendental precepts in the sense that the authority must carry out actions that are attentive, intelligent, reasonable, and responsible.
Raven, Bertram, and John French. Jr. "Legitimate Power, Coercive Power, and Observability in Social Influence ." Sociometry Vol. 21.No. 2 (1958): 83. Web. 2 Aug 2010. .
While having too much authority can lead to complication and dilemmas, too little authority can lead to an overthrow of leaders in a situation. Authority is like a ticking time
C. Wright Mills in his article “ The Structure of Power in American Society” writes that when considering the types of power that exist in modern society there are three main types which are authority, manipulation and coercion. Coercion can be seen as the “last resort” of enforcing power. On the other hand, authority is power that is derived from voluntary action and manipulation is power that is derived unbeknownst to the people who are under that power.
Power has been defined as the psychological relations over another to get them to do what you want them to do. We are exposed to forms of power from the time of birth. Our parents exercise power over us to behave in a way they deem appropriate. In school, teachers use their power to help us learn. When we enter the work world the power of our boss motivates us to perform and desire to move up the corporate ladder so that we too can intimidate someone with power one day. In Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness Kurtz had a power over the jungle and its people that was inexplicable.
Political power results from the fear of force. The individual acts out of a fear of consequences of disobedience and in accordance with the desdire for self-preservation. Political Authority results from a belief in the moral correctness of the organization in question. The individual acts of a sense of obligation and acknowledges the right of the ruler, morally, to rule and the moral correctness of the laws are accepted. The laws are obeyed for their own sake.
According to Max Weber, there are three types of authority: traditional, legal-rational, and charismatic. Traditional authority is based on traditions and customs; for example, parents are a type of traditional authority since individuals are taught to respect and listen to their parents from a young age (Weber, 12). Legal-rational authority is based on relation to laws, rules, and the government; an example of a legal-rational authority would be the police due to its association with the government and its task of enforcing the law (Weber, 13). Unlike these two types of authority, charismatic authority is solely based on the personality of the leader such as the degree of charisma the leader has and how well his interpersonal skills are (Weber, 12). Charismatic authority may seem very simplistic as it is just based on personality, yet it is this very aspect that allows for the emergence of polar-opposite charismatic leaders. Furthermore, the simple basis allows for the leaders to guide the group towards any direction they desire, and this makes the distinction between certain charismatic leaders prominent. The contrast
Authority cannot exist without obedience. Society is built on this small, but important concept. Without authority and its required obedience, there would only be anarchy and chaos. But how much is too much, or too little? There is a fine line between following blindly and irrational refusal to obey those in a meaningful position of authority. Obedience to authority is a real and powerful force that should be understood and respected in order to handle each situation in the best possible manner.
They are not only its inert or consenting target; they are always also the elements of its articulation” (Foucault, “Two Lectures” 34). Power may take various forms, all of which are employed and exercised by individualsand unto individuals in the institutions of society. In all institutions, there is political and judicial power, as certain individuals claim the right to give orders, establish rules, and so forth as well as the right to punish and award. For example, in school, the professor not only teaches, but also dictates, evaluates, as well as punishes and rewards.
Meanwhile the text, online discussion, and classroom discussion helped to distinguish the differences between authority, power, and influence. In the educational venue, authority and power both involve having the authorization to compel others to comply with decisions (Gorton & Alston, 2012, p. 74, 88); whereas influence primarily involves being able to persuade or shape decisions and behavior through “informal ...
I find that legal-rational is legitimate since it holds the power legally and if I do not comply with the laws it provides, it would impact my life negatively such as getting arrested, and so forth. I also believe traditional authority is legitimate since it also impacts my life but in a different way. For example, my family is Catholic and although I am not very much religious, I still have to go to church with my family every Easter Sunday, and so forth. These types of authority are most convincing to me because I have to follow the rules they apply on a day to day basis and not following them may cause a disruption. For example, if I did not go to church with my family on Easter Sunday, my family would form a commotion. Or if I decided to rob a store (not following the law) I would be arrested and sent to
If a man has absolute power which human kind cannot be handled, eventually it will be harmful for other people or social order. There is plenty example of historical events in the past which are a proof that power-holders and absolute power-holders corrupt the social order. The most known event is the Holocaust, also known as Shoah. As mentioned before, 6 million Jewish were murdered by a powerful people, Hitler was a dictator so that he could make his army whatever he wants. This kind of huge power causes a lot of people death. Hitler is not only example for this kind of dictator, even in our modern world, there are plenty of leaders who made a lot of people suffer from them not only their nationalities. The writer of the Three Face of Power, Kenneth B. Boulding is also saying that “The dark side of the power of destruction is violence and war” (9). As Bouilding said, the biggest proof for corruption of absolute power is war sometimes a lot of country wage war against each other because of just two men, or so called “leaders”, want other country’s natural goods. Obviously, a lot of people die or injure and become homeless. Two man’s absolute ...
Power is authority and strength, which is any form of motive force or energy, ability to act, or control. When too much power is given, a dictatorship government can form, in which all decisions are made by one authority. In the book Animal Farm, by George Orwell the author portrays how “Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely” (Lord Acton).
There are several sources of power, some of them are authority, reward, expertise, and coercion.
Skitka, L. J. (2009). Limits on legitimacy: Moral and religious convictions as constraints on deference to authority. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(4), 567-578 inclusive. doi: 1939-1315 (Electronic)
When power becomes legitimate, it is then recognized as authority (Denhardt et al, 2001). Power becomes authority when it is accepted and even desired by society. As stated by the course study notes, “authority refers to a situation where a person (or group) has been formally granted a leadership position”. An individual has authority when everyday norms and regulations support the exercising of power by that individual. In an organizational setting, “authority is hierarchal and vested in positions” (Week 9 Study Notes), which are defined by “organizational charts, positions and rules” (Week 9 Study Notes). Generally, power in authority also involves the possibility of rewards such as promotions and good performance reviews.