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Textual analysis paper
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The study of textual criticism is important when talking about any historical manuscript or text. In particular, when talking about something with as much impact and influence as the bible, textual criticism is a necessary part of scholarship. Brad Ehrman does an excellent job in explaining the basics of textual criticism and how it can be used to determine the accuracy of biblical texts and manuscripts. His book, Misquoting Jesus, serves as a primer to the study of historical biblical manuscripts. As Ehrman states in his introduction, the thesis explained in the text is that biblical manuscripts have been changed throughout history, both intentionally and non-intentionally, and that those changes were affected by the attitudes and beliefs of the scribes. The first point that …show more content…
He provides both internal and external evidence to support his claims that the biblical manuscripts were changed, but some of the reasoning he uses for textual changes based on cultural views seems to be somewhat of a reach at times. This could be a sign of bias; him interpreting his findings to fit his theory. However, as someone new to the world of textual criticism and ancient manuscripts, I cannot honestly comment too deeply on the accuracy of his claims. The book is a good introduction to the field, and it is obviously written for people with no prior knowledge of the subject. It serves as a good primer, and Ehrman’s arguments clearly support his thesis. He uses a good mixture of quotes from biblical texts and quotes from other critics of the texts, both modern and ancient. Ehrman provided an introduction in the book that explained his personal history, and his reasoning for choosing to study this specific subject. This provided a personal touch that helped the book from being too academic, which worked well for his intended audience of
From the excerpt from the novel, “Under the Feet of Jesus” by Helena Maria Viramontes, the main character is Estrella, a young Spanish girl with a powerful desire to learn to read. Although she is persistent, her teachers refuse to educate her because they are more concerned of Estrella’s personal hygiene. This leaves Estrella resentful because of the barrier between herself and knowledge. Estrella remains silent until a man named Perfecto Flores teaches her how to read by using his expertise in hardware and tools to represent the alphabet. Viramontes depicts the heartfelt growth of Estrella through her use of tone, figurative language, and detail.
According to David M. Carr, the history of Scriptural interpretation indicates that religious texts are popular candidates for reinterpretation and, as such, are spaces wherein the personal identity of the reader frequently inscribes itself at length:
To me, this whole chapter seemed like he was saying that the Bible is just a bunch of stories; since they’re all so similar. Also it was pretty hard over all to follow along with what exactly what was being argued. I feel that Alter also goes off into weird tangents which cause the reader to stop and question his writing. I can usually grasp the meaning of most text; I consider myself I good reader, but there were some parts of this chapter where it was very hard to read what he was trying to say. Several times he jumps from character to character.
The book, Interpreting the New Testament, written by Daniel Harrington, is an introduction to the various types of literary and textual criticism that form the basis of good hermeneutics. Harrington begins with introducing the New Testament materials and some examples of how literary criticism might be used in figuring out what the New Testament authors meant. He moves on to a discussion on textual criticism. To provide examples of how confusing textual criticism can be, Harrington discusses Matthew 6:33 and 1 John 5:8. Both passages, Harrington explains, have variant manuscripts which might give a different theological meaning or emphasis depending on which one you used and proceeds to show which one, by the method of textual criticism, that
This fragment is taken from THE NEW TESTAMENT (King James version). More importantly, the fragment appears in THE GOSPAL ACCORDING TO ST. MATTHEW, which is the first gospel out of four. While there is no speaking character in the fragment, it is possible to witness several characters in it. First, there are the wise men who came to visit and see baby Jesus. Second, when they entered the house, they saw Jesus with “Mary, his mother.” In this fragment, one can notice the significance of the wise men (Magi). Seeing that, the wise men function as evidence to display Jesus’s godliness and his relation to God, by seeing him they “fell down, and worshiped him.” Due to God’s intervention in the wise men’s dreams, they have changed their actions, understanding
The book is mean-spirited and vicious in its attacks upon the godly evangelical scholars who labored so hard to produce the modern versions, not to undermine the Word, but to make it more understandable to the average reader.
King James I was crowned and went on a journey to create a new English translation” (“Roots Of The King James Bible”). “The ground rules for the Bible were set by 1604: such as no contentious notes in the margins; no language inaccessible to common people; a true and accurate text, driven by an unforgivingly exacting level of scholarship” (“The Bible of King James.(cover story)”). “When creating the King James Bible, the translators had fifteen rules which they had to follow” (“The Making of the King James Bible--New Testament”). “The first rule the scholars’ were to follow was that they had to follow along with the Bishops’ Bible” (“The Making of the King James Bible--New Testament”). The only thing about the scholars’ following along with the Bishops’ Bible was that there were so many different versions that no one knows which was used. “The first publication of the King James Bible was riddled with mistakes and received some negative criticism” (“The King James Bible: A Short History From Tyndale/ Shaping The Bible In The Reformation”). “The phrases were not always called majestic, but they were indeed frowned upon by many of an 18th century writer” (“The King James Bible At 401”). Even though the bible received many negative comments from people after the Bible was first made it has turned out to have a great impact on many writers and
A writer’s vision and thought can be extracted from the words that they use in their stories. The evangelists in the Bible are no different. They are writing about events from memory; many of them were stories that were passed on generation to generation. Thus, their personal thoughts begin to make an entry into the way that they write their gospel and the words that they use. The evangelist had the final say as to how he would portray Jesus in his story. This was especially true in Mark’s gospel. Being the first one to recount the ministry of Jesus, he was not influenced by other well known accounts. Thus, the understanding that Mark has is seen through the approach that he took to write his gospel, which include both Jesus’ character traits as well as the meaning behind his ministry. When studying the way that Mark wrote the gospel, it can be seen how he perceives Jesus.
Luke Timothy Johnson uses Prophetic Jesus, Prophetic Church in order to make a strong point that when studying both Luke and Acts as a unit, rather than reading the canonical order in the Bible, gives us one of our best prophetic looks at the Church for all ages. By presenting this point Johnson hopes to light a fire in our churches of today by using the prophetic works of Luke, so that we as Christians will attend to the ways that Christ intended the church to be. In Johnson’s introduction he states that it is not wrong to study Luke and Acts separately as there are many ways to study the scripture, nevertheless it is wrong to look at Luke and see the prophetic ways of Jesus, and then looking at Acts as non-prophetic. Through seeing Luke’s
Questions of the Holy Bible’s authenticity has been interrogated since the beginning. Non-believers dispute parts or the entirety of the Bible’s actuality. Yet some believers question parts of the Bible, particularly the Gospels. Individuals are skeptic if the Gospels are historically reliable. Can we Trust the Gospels? by Mark D. Roberts was able to provide reliable evidence and reasons on why people can trust the Gospels. His book gives an overview on the subject of the gospel reliability.
It is known to most that the gospels often differ from historical facts due to the writer of each gospel putting significant emphasis on particular actions and attributes of Jesus. Also a major part in this difference is the fact that the gospels were written 35-60 years after the death of Jesus and some of these memories have altered over time. Differences in conflicting evidence, writing to different communities, writing during a different time period, and with different intentions are all more reasons as to why these gospels conflict with historical facts. There is said to be six accounts that are subdivided into two separate traditions. These two traditions are those having to do with the appearance of Jesus in Galilee and the others are the appearances of Jesus to the eleven disciples in Jerusalem. These two traditions seem to not have any knowledge of one another and when the two were attempted to be combined into one tradition it was proven that this is not only impossible but it is unbeneficial.
After reading a passage from Mere Christianity by C.S. Lewis, I can tell you that the Natural Moral Law is something that everyone knows about and everyone is aware of. The Natural Moral Law is another name for the Law of Human Nature. The Law of Human Nature can be described as the Law or Rule of Right from Wrong. Knowing Right from Wrong is different for everyone because it has to do with morals. Everyone has different morals and a different belief when it comes to whether things are Right or Wrong. We are aware that everyone has different morals, because if we were not aware we would not be able to agree on anything. But then again, morals are the reason people disagree on a lot of things.
For centuries now Christians have claimed to possess the special revelation of an omnipotent, loving Deity who is sovereign over all of His creation. This special revelation is in written form and is what has come to be known as The Bible which consists of two books. The first book is the Hebrew Scriptures, written by prophets in a time that was before Christ, and the second book is the New Testament, which was written by Apostles and disciples of the risen Lord after His ascension. It is well documented that Christians in the context of the early first century were used to viewing a set of writings as being not only authoritative, but divinely inspired. The fact that there were certain books out in the public that were written by followers of Jesus and recognized as being just as authoritative as the Hebrew Scriptures was never under debate. The disagreement between some groups of Christians and Gnostics centered on which exact group of books were divinely inspired and which were not. The debate also took place over the way we can know for sure what God would have us include in a book of divinely inspired writings. This ultimately led to the formation of the Biblical canon in the next centuries. Some may ask, “Isn’t Jesus really the only thing that we can and should call God’s Word?” and “Isn’t the Bible just a man made collection of writings all centered on the same thing, Jesus Christ?” This paper summarizes some of the evidences for the Old and New Testament canon’s accuracy in choosing God breathed, authoritative writings and then reflects on the wide ranging
By looking at how original material has been used differently by gospel writers, it highlight the need of the reader to enquire into the original source of the material, how it has been altered and what motives the author had in changing the details and composition of the original material. Bornkamm warns, “Care will have to be taken to guard against reading out of the text or into the text more than is warranted.” Which could lead to the misunderstanding of information?
The historical reliability of the Bible is the first matter that needs to be discussed. There are three criteria that the military historian C. Sanders lists as principles for documentary historical proof: the bibliographical test, internal evidence test, and the external evidence test (McDowell 43). The bibliographical test is the examination of text from the documents that have reached us. The reliability of the copies of the New Testament is tested by the number of manuscripts (MSS) and the time intervals between the time in which the piece of literature was written and our earliest copy. There are more than 5,300 Greek manuscripts of the New Testament and 10,000 Latin vulgate manuscripts, not to mention the other various translations.