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During the early eighteenth century, children were given more freedom with marriage. In the concept of land, most second generation sons did not live on the same land or in the same township as their fathers when married, unlike in the seventeenth century. The majority of fathers bought the land for their sons in differing locations instead of handing down his own land. After marriage, instead of continuing to hold power over their sons, fathers would give away their land to them. After giving up all of their land after marriage, the fathers then had less power over their sons. Additionally, marriage itself in the eighteenth century allowed children to pursue their own desires. In the article “Tender Plants:” Quaker Farmers and Children in
the Delaware Valley, Barry Levy addressed the freedom of marriage in the early eighteenth century. Levy wrote, “The choosing of a mate involved parental approval and direction, but also courtship and free choice” (Levy 125). Although there were other few requirements, parents of the early eighteenth century in the Delaware Valley believed that love is an important part of a marriage. In this case, children in the early eighteenth century were given some freedom to pursue their own desires.
While the Protestant Revolution raged in Europe, Catholics and other radicals were fleeing to the New World to find religious freedom and to escape prosecution. Because of this, the northern colonies became more family and religiously orientated as the families of the pilgrims settled there. From the Ship’s List of Emigrants Bound for New England we see that six families on board made up sixty nine of the ships passengers (B). Not only did families tend to move to New England, but whole congregations made the journey to find a place where they could set up “a city upon a hill”, and become an example to all who follow to live by as John Winthrop put it to his Puritan followers (A). Contrastingly, the Chesapeake colonies only had profit in their mind, which pushed them to become agriculturally advanced. Since Virginia, one of the Chesapeake colonies, was first settled with the intention of becoming an economic power house, it was mainly inhabited by working-class, single men. The average age of a man leaving for the Americas was only twenty two and a half years old according to the Ship’s List of Emigrants bound for Virginia (C). The harsh conditions of the colony did not appeal to those who wished to settle with a family. Added on to that was the fact that the average lifespan in the Chesapeake colonies was a full ten years or more shorter than that in other more desirable living quarters to the north.
Another reason they bought land was to give their children a better future so that he/she could do the same. The sons looked upon their father to inherit them with land, but how much can an average colonist afford if he had more than just one son. An example that Gross provides in his book is of a young man who looked upon his father to give him some land. That young man was Purchase Brown a seventeen year old boy, whose father Captain David brown “lived in a household crammed with thirteen people.”(Gross 83). Purchase had four younger brothers and Purchase could not “take over the family farm… before the youngest child came to age…” (Gross 84). This was a problem to all of Concords residents and as land became scarcer, men of Concord started looking west to the frontiers for more land. Another example that Gross describes in of the struggle of some residents of Concord, is a story of two couples named Lucy and Joseph Hosmer. They got married at a young age and Lucy lived her husband on “her in-laws land that was still owned by Joseph’s father.”(Gross 101). The couples worked hard to sustain a good family living. When the war approached in Concord Lucy Hosmer was scared that what if she loses her husband and he dies without “writing a will, then Lucy would struggle to make a living…”(Gross 103). Then Gross state how the
The noblemen who made the journey to the Americas often came with their respective titles, but no wealth, because of the British custom of primogeniture. These second born sons intended to create their wealth through exploitation of the Native American population and the many indentured servants who came to work for them. However in the early colonial years, these nobles became great burdens on the society, due to their refusal and laziness to participate in the cultivation of the land. Instead of farming to produce food, these nobles came with the intention of feeding themselves by conquering nearby tribes and looting the precious stones, as the Spanish had previously done. “…the colonists were not growing enough to feed themselves and were still begging, bullying, and buying corn from the Indians whose land they scorched so deliberately”(Morgan 50).
The New England colonies developed a close-knit homogeneous society and a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce. They developed this by creating a group called the New England Confederation. This focused on the protection of the people in the colony in the event of enemies trying to attack them. On page 49, it says “The primary purpose of the confederation was defense against foes or potential foes, notably the Indians, the French, and the Dutch.” They created this as a safety net for the New England colonies. Every part of the New England colonies had two votes, it didn’t matter on the size of the colonies. The ran it as their own because the king of the time didn’t care much for the colonies.
Farmers everywhere in the United States during the late nineteenth century had valid reasons to complaint against the economy because the farmers were constantly being taken advantage of by the railroad companies and banks. All farmers faced similar problems and for one thing, farmers were starting to become a minority within the American society. In the late nineteenth century, industrialization was in the spotlight creating big businesses and capitals. The success of industrialization put agriculture and farmers on the down low, allowing the corporations to overtake the farmers. Since the government itself; such as the Republican Party was also pro-business during this time, they could have cared less about the farmers.
Using the primary sources in chapter 2, child-rearing in Puritan New England was described as the responsibility of Puritan parents. By introducing their children to the importance of education, Puritan parents agreed that child-rearing is a methods that will help ensure their children’s spiritual welfare (Hollitz, 22). The two main goals Puritans taught their children are reading and writing. It is a system they believed that will properly mold their offspring. Parents also taught basic beliefs of religion and principles of government to their children (Hollitz, 22). Puritans took child-rearing very seriously; by using different practices to help the children’s writing development, they are responsible to write: diaries, journals, letters, histories, sermons, and notes on sermons. Although Puritan husband have the power within the household, other than house chore and wifely duties, the mother is mostly in charge of child rearing and provided their child with the proper education on reading, writing, and spiritual (Hollitz, 23).
The Middle region consisting of Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania established its lines based on the prosperity of Tobacco Crops, a sanctuary for Catholicism, and a more tolerant society inspired by William Penn.
The Quakers, also known as the Society of Friends was religious group that founded Pennsylvania. William Penn, one of the leaders, worked with the Quakers, Indians and the other population to make an ideal world for him, his followers, and the other people in his environment. With his efforts, and the help of others, the Quakers left a huge impact on Pennsylvania and the entire nation.
Manning WD, Smock PJ. 1997. Children's living arrangements in unmarried-mother families. J. Fam. Issues 18:526 44
Woman and family roles are considerably different today than they were back in Puritan times. Puritans thought that the public’s foundation rested on the “little commonwealth”, and not merely on the individual. The “little commonwealth” meant that a father’s rule over his family mirrored God’s rule over creation or a king over his subjects. John Winthrop believed that a “true wife” thought of herself “in [weakness] to her husband’s authority.” As ludicrous as this idea may appeal to women and others in today’s society, this idea was truly necessary for colonies to be able to thrive and maintain social order.
Hart, Emma. “Work, family and the Eighteenth-Century History of a Middle Class in the American South.” Journal of Southern History. 78.3 (2012): 551-578. Web.
Quaker concern over slavery was not a new phenomenon in 1688. In fact, it could be traced back to the founder of the Quaker religion, George Fox. Though he never condemned slavery, Fox stressed that all people were God’s children and called for Africans to be treated with fairness. Slavery concerned Fox for two reasons. His concerns rested on both morality and familial order which are reflective of core principles of Quaker ethics. In moral terms, Fox argued that slavery was inconsistent with the Quaker principles of equality and non-violence. He encouraged Quakers to treat blacks much in the way they would wish to be treated in a “slavish condition.” Fox stated,
In 1652 George Fox, standing on Pendle Hill in England, had a vision. This was the beginning of the Religious Society of Friends. Before 1650 the Quaker movement were basically unknown, in a year or two the seemed to be all over the place. This time period was called the Quaker Explosion. George Fox saw a great people to be gathered and this people included Puritans, Separatists and presumably others without a label. Among all these different kinds of people what was there in common to make them feel that Fox was what the wanted? The answer is probably that that were looking for a spiritual religion, rather than the religion of conformity. There was resentment against ecclesiastical authority and so a readiness to listen to Fox's assurance that there was only one authority Christ himself and that his authority was to be known directly in the human heart. The message that "Christ has come to teach his people himself" may be called the slogan of the early Quakers.
John Winthrop dreamed that America would become “The City on the Hill”, the essence of perfection that all nations would revere. As America grew, its society diversified and spread across the corners of the United States. This separation led to sectionalism and sharp divisions between common Americans, yet they were all still unified by the vision of John Winthrop’s utopia. Thus, many American’s sought to realize Winthrop’s dream by reforming society; correcting slavery, alcoholism, women’s lack of rights and a litany of other “impurities” during the Antebellum era of 1825-1855. Interest for reforms was generated by the pursuit of virtue and democratic ideals piggybacked on this surge of participation. Overall, the reform movements of the Antebellum
People those who already had children allowed everyone in the community to help raising their kids. For other “families” who wanted to have babies, they could “either took in orphaned or unwanted children” (Joanne 1). The Shakers were celibate and did not get married or have children. They would adopt children who needed homes and accepted babies from people who didn’t want them. At the age of twenty-one, adopted children chose whether or not they wanted to join the Shakers permanently or live their own lives in the outside world. Relationships among Young Believers inside a “family unit” went pretty well “even across the gender lines,” even though many of the commentators showed disrespect towards the Shakers’ way of living. An observer once noticed that the bonds between the two sexes were "much less restricted than is generally supposed,” and applauded "those affectionate friendships and pure platonic enjoyments that spring up under what the world perhaps falsely calls an overwhelming obstacle to earthly