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Classical conditioning discussion
Classical conditioning includes
Classical conditioning theory
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Systematic Desensitisation is a therapy based on classical condition. The aim is to use relaxation to desensitise against fear and anxiety. It must begin with the therapist and the child drawing a hierarchy of fear provoking situations, with the least fearful at the bottom and the most fearful at the top. Starting at the bottom, the child is trained to completely relax during this situation. Once the child is able to be completely relaxed in this situation, he then moves onto the next situation in the hierarchy until all the fears are extinguished. This means that the controlled stimulus and controlled response link is broken.
The strengths of the EMDR therapy are that it uses elements of cognitive behavior and psychodynamic to treat clients. (1).EMDR therapy has eight phases of the treatment approach, they are; in phase one is the development of the treatment plan and getting the history from the client. In the second phase of the treatment is to teach the client coping skills needed to deal with stress in a positive manner. In phases three, four, and five the focus is on the therapist assisting the client into finding positive belief to replace negative ones. In the seventh phase the clients keeps a journal for the week. In that journal the client writes down anything that may trigger any negative ima...
Kurayama, Matsuzawa, Komiya, Nakazawa, Yoshida, Shimizu, (2012) confirmed that these neutral stimuluses deed indeed has an effect and played a role in fear conditioning in people. The case showed that Treena had indeed learned to be scared of the incident and it proceeded to become a cue for to get anxious and get panic attacks. It has been claimed that patients with panic disorder exhibited fear potentiated startle responses to safety cues and therefore reduced discrimination between safety and danger signals during acquisition, indicating that the safety signal was processed as the aversive event in contrast to the danger signal (Nees, Heinrich, Flor, 2015). It also showed that the her failing to answer the question had affected her in other classes when she would not participate in other classes hence, this showed that the neutral stimulus has developed and grew into a conditioned stimulus which evoked feelings of fear and anxiety in her, in other words it had become a cue for her to be scared and
The procedures leading to the acquisition and elimination of agoraphobia are based on a number of behavioural principles. The underlying principle is that of classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus (Weiten, 1998). Eliminating agoraphobia is basically achieving self-control through behaviour modification. Behaviour modification is systematically changing behaviour through the application of the principles of conditioning (Weiten, 1998). The specific principle used here is systematic desensitisation. The two basic responses displayed are anxiety and relaxation, which are incompatible responses. Systematic desensitisation works by reconditioning people so that the conditioned stimulus elicits relaxation instead of anxiety. This is called counterconditioning. Counterconditioning is an attempt to reverse the process of classical conditioning by associating the crucial stimulus with a new conditioned response (Weiten, 1998). This technique's effectiveness in eliminating agoraphobia is well documented.
Systematic Desensitization is “gradually expose[ing] [a] person to [the] thing he/she fears; taught incompatible response.” A triumphant scene that portrays this during the movie is when gradually Christine learns to trust the police
One of the most famous example of fear conditioning is the Little Albert experiment conducted by Watson and Rayner in 1920. In this experiment, an infant, Albert, was presented with a white rat, and as expected, Albert initially displayed no signs of fear and began touching and playing with the rat. Soon, the experimenters began pairing the presentation of the rat with a loud noise (US) produced by banging a hammer on a steel bar. The noise caused Albert to startle and cry (UR). After several pairing, Albert learned to fear the rat (CS) and would crawl away or cry (CR) when the rat was subsequently presented (Watson and Rayner, 1920)
Wilson, G. (2011). Behavior Therapy. In R. Corsini, & D. Wedding, Current Psychotherapies (9th ed., pp. 235-275). Belmont, California: Brooks/Cole.
Jones, M. C. (1924), "The Elimination of Children's Fears." Journal of Experimental Psychology 7.5 : 382-90. Print.
In this treatment, “clients are repeatedly exposed to objects or situations that produce anxiety, obsessive fears, and compulsive behaviors, but they are told to resist performing the behaviors they feel so bound to preform” (Comer, 2015). Individuals going through this treatment will often find it extremely difficult to resist the urge to preform these compulsions, or behaviors, therefor the therapist will often be the first to set this example. This treatment can be conducted in an individual, or group
The first stage in the psychodynamic therapy process is, The initial stage. In this stage the therapist should learn about the problems that patient is facing, their defense mechanisms, make sure they both have an understanding of what the main goals are, and then determine which is the best approach and treatment for the patient
They take things that are not physically observable, and make different inferences towards them. Language, memory, and thinking are some examples of the processes that are explored. In this, the individual searches for useful information from a certain stimuli. So, as shown, both the cognitive and the behavioral therapies both use stimuli. The beginning of the therapy would start by targeting thoughts, behaviors or the individual’s goals. The next step would be to make a list of “thinking errors” and find why they are “errors”. A few thinking errors are “Black or White” thinking, “Should” statements, and “filtering”. The therapist can help to find and point out the different thinking errors but the individual needs to work at the problem outside of the sessions for it to have a positive
Before the session I will adapt a positive mind-set which consists of believing in her capabilities when it comes to problem solving (Axline, 2013: 23-35). She will not be able to learn and grow if I do not provide her with the opportunity to solve the problem by herself. I will depend on her to find her own solutions. It is my work to help her grow throughout the therapy and this can only be achieved if she does things by herself. Through using
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT) is also often paired with systematic desensitization. CBT is focused on regaining control of reactions to stress and stimuli, ultimately reducing the feeling of helplessness (Palazzolo, 2014). One specific case of Psychotherapeutic Treatment for Aquaphobia takes a closer look at the break down of how systematic desensitization would be applied. Initially, the patient would be given information on their phobia, making it seem as unthreatening as possible and by showing them that they are not alone, as this disorder is common and that there is a cognitive approach to treat their condition. You first explain to the patient step by step the therapy that is going to take place. You ask them to carefully watch themselves throughout each situation and take notice at what parts they find challenging or lead them to avoidance. It is also suggested that the patients rates her anxiety during those situations on a scale from 1-10. The duration of this therapy would be approximately 13 sessions, meeting once a week for 30-45 minutes. The first three sessions are centered around their life and story of their disability, the diagnosis and the analysis of the disorder while working out a review of each sessions and what their ultimate goal
...first started out with cats being exposed to mild shocks accompanied by specific sounds and visual stimuli. The cats connected the shocks with the sounds or visual stimuli that produced fear in them. When the cats were exposed to the same sounds or visual stimuli plus receiving food instead of shocks, they eventually unlearned their fears. Eventually this behavior therapy would be applied to humans.
The topic of the paper will be discussing the behavioral problem of substance abuse and the use of aversion therapy. Aversion therapy is a learned response that causes a person to give up an undesirable behavior, when associated with an unpleasant stimulus. It is created by pairing an unpleasant stimulus with a conditioned stimulus and establishes an unconditioned response to that previously conditioned stimulus. Clients usually participate in a behavior they enjoy while being exposed to something that is unpleasant to them. This type of procedure can become truly vital when someone needs to modify their behavior if they feel as if they have a dependency on a substance, or want to get rid of a bad habit. This can be most beneficial to those
· Systematic Desensitization- by approaching the situation associated with a great deal of anxiety in steps, the patient can gradually decrease the anxiety related to it. This process usually contained three steps- relaxation techniques (which includes breathing exercises, mental imagery and biofeedback), Creating a Hierarchy (The therapist creates a series of situations in which the feared event occurs more and more intensely) and finally desensitization (where the patient can finally handle the m...