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European settlers and Native Americans relationship
Conflicts with first nations when canada
Conflicts with first nations when canada
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Joseph Boyden explores the dramatic and dynamic tensions in New France during the seventeen century though the relationship between the First Nations and the early contacts with the Jesuits in his book The Orenda. The book follows the three main characters, the Huron Warrior named Bird, the young Iroquois girl named Snow Falls and the French Jesuit missionary named Christophe or “Crow” and explores their lives during this time period with one another and with enemy groups.The author Joseph Boyden presents an accurate picture of early Canadian history in regards to the European-Native relationship between the First Nations and Europeans represented through the relationship between the Huron People and the French Jesuits as well as the war …show more content…
between the Huron and Iroquois nation focusing especially on the Beaver Wars and through the use of the gun technology.. As mentioned before, The Orenda follows the lives of the characters, Bird, Snow falls and Christophe or “Crow” in New France during the seventeenth century. The story begins with Bird who is a huron warrior coming across and killing an Iroquois group and among those killed was the family of Snow falls. During this encounter, Bird meets the French Jesuit Christophe(who he nicknames Crow) and decides to take him along with Snow Falls(who he later decides to adopt as his own daughter). Snowfall and Christophe are now held captive in Birds village where Christophe is trying to convert the natives into Christianity and Snowfalls is adjusting to life with the Huron Nation. As time goes on, the relationship between these three characters has its ups and downs when various situations get thrown at them along with the constant war against the enemy the Iroquois. In the end they come together when the war against the Iroquois has expanded rapidly. The character Christophe represents the history of Jesuits in Canada. The Jesuits are a society where you have men who are from Europe( in this case France as Christophe is a French Jesuit) that come over to places such as Canada to try and convert the native people specifically in this case to Christianity. The history of the Jesuits in Canada dates back to “1611 where the first two Jesuits, Pierre Bird and Enemond Massé, landed at Port Royal in New France.” Ever since then, there have been many other Jesuits such as Jean de Brébeuf and Charles Lalemant that have come to Canada in order to try and convert the natives (who they deem as savages), to christianity with some having more success in converting natives than others. The Jesuits are important to New France history because of the relationship they have with the natives and the influence they brought to the native culture which is significant because for example, the Jesuits brought with them the use of weaponry specifically the guns which helped them in warfare. Christophe’s Character represented the Jesuit experience in New France as he was not liked by Bird in the beginning but then he slowly gets accepted into Birds group where he would eventually learn the language of the Huron people and start to interact with them more and more. This relates to history as many of the Jesuits were not welcomed by the first nations but then they do slowly start to become more accepted and have now adapted and learnt the language of the native peoples. Eventually those who are accepted into these native villages do experience some loneliness as mentioned by Father Brebeuf in his letter to Father Le Jeune, where he describes that “after having landed me with some Church ornaments and some other little outfit, left me there quite alone.” Boyden illustrates this in book where there are many instances where Crow is left alone in the Huron village in the beginning while Bird is often out and away.The author accurately depicts the relationship between the European and the First Nations through the Huron and French Jesuit relationship mostly illustrated through the relationship of Bird and Crow where during a time where the Huron and Iroquois people are constantly at war with one another such as in the Beaver Wars. The warfare between the rival huron and the Iroquois reflects the realities of the long standing Beaver Wars. The Beaver Wars “have been long viewed as part of a pattern of economic warfare waged by the Iroquois to wrest control of the fur trade from the Hurons, Algonquians and their French allies.” The rivalry between the Huron and Iroquois groups is one that has gone on for a long period of time spanning decades even as the Iroquois try and expand their territory but the Huron want control over the fur trade as well and so thus the rivalry does not end quite quickly and keeps going on for a long period of time. Historians have noted that the Beaver Wars was the big war that showed reflected the relationship between the Huron and the Iroquois and that this is quite significant in terms of native history in New France as the end result shows an entire nation being practically wiped out. Boyden accurately portrays the warfare between the Huron and the Iroquois as the book takes place in the midst of a war where there is constant fighting between both groups evident in the various fights between Bird and his Huron group against the enemy Iroquois. As well, the end result of the Beaver Wars which was the Huron losing the war to the Iroquois thus as mentioning before practically wiping out an entire nation is another part that is accurately portrayed by the author as the Iroquois do wipe out Birds village at the end of the story with the help of the technology of guns. The technology of weapons specifically guns was an advantage for the Iroquois in warfare but a disadvantage for the Huron as they didn’t have the weaponry necessary to fight against the guns.
The Iroquois received guns which were “new technologies one almost unrecognizably different from any possessed by the Iroquoian people” as they never had any weapon quite like this before whereas the Huron didn’t obtain guns till later on. Though “the arming of the Iroquois soon resulted in the French supplying guns to their allies as well” and so the Huron were now supplied guns. In terms of an Arms race, the Iroquois “were able to obtain guns in greater numbers than were the Huron who are allied to the French”. As though the Huron were now supplied guns “It was decided no doubt under Jesuit influence, that guns should be made available only to those who had become christians”and “they were afraid that guns might fall into the hands of non-christians or apostates and be used against the Jesuits and their assistants”. Due to this, “guns appeared to have been made available to the Huron in moderate numbers” as many of the Huron didn’t convert right away. Though as mentioned before the Iroquois received guns in greater numbers and this was because of the English and Dutch(who were the ones supplying the guns to the Iroquois) not caring and more specifically with the Dutch, they “were prepared to take risks with the Iroquois trading partners and to arm them in the hope of greater commercial gain”. Due to this, there is a technological imbalance between the Iroquois and the Huron as one group is constantly getting more weapons than the other. Boyden accurately portrays the technology of guns in the story as it is shown that the Huron group does not have guns where as the Iroquois does until Bird is given a gun to Samuel De Champlain in order to “battle the common enemy the Iroquois and
win.” In the end, the book The Orenda by Joseph Boyden explores the various themes of the European and Native relationship, the Beaver Wars and as well as the the use of gun technology by the Huron group. These themes are accurately displayed in the book as in the European and Native relationship it is represented by the French Jesuit Christophe and the Huron people especially Bird and the relationship between the two. With the Beaver Wars, the story does take place in the midst of a war but more so the book shows the rivalry and the many fights between the Huron and the Iroquois group as well as the end result of the Huron losing the war which is shown to be what happened in history. The use of gun technology during warfare is non existence in the beginning of the book which is accurately portrayed in history as it is shown that the Huron did not receive guns at first compared to the enemy the Iroquois who did. Overall, the Orenda does a good job of accurately relating and portraying the story to what actually happened in history.
Upper Canada was in the tumultuous process of settlement during the nineteenth century. From 1800-1860, wheat and flour exports went from a negligible amount to peak at 13 billion bushels in 1860.1 It is important to understand the rapid nature of settlement to contextualize life in rural Upper Canada. From 1805-1840, the population increased by over eight hundred percent.2 Many of these were Irish emigrants, even in the period preceding the famine; these pre-Famine Irish emigrants were predominantly “middling farmers,” «c'est à dire des fermiers cultivant des terres petites ou moyennes, ceux qui ont été le plus durement touchés par la baisse soudaine des prix des produits agricoles à la fin des guerres napoléoniennes [en Europe]».3 Many of the emigrants settled into townships and villages on the agricultural frontier, such as the Biddul...
In Jamestown, the settlers had to deal with the Powhatan Indians. The relationships with them were unstable. John Smith, whom was the leader of Jamestown, was captured by these Indians while he was on a little trip with some of his men. As he left two of his men, he came back to find them dead and himself surrounded by two hundred members of the tribe, finding himself being captured. “Six or seven weeks those barbarians kept him prisoner…” 87). After this event, the relationship only grew worse and there was constant fighting between the settlers and Indians. The Indians practiced many methods in capturing settlers such as “scalping” and other dreadful techniques. The settlers did many negative practices also which is the reason they fought so many wars and battles against each other. Later on, the Indians killed the English for their weapons that were rare to them. In contrast to the Plymouth colony, these settlers dealt with the Pequot Indians and the relations were much more peaceful for a certain time frame. At one point, one Indian was brave enough to approach them and spoke to them (in broken English). He taught them the ways of the land, and developed a peace with the man. The settlers from the Plymouth colony learned many ways to grow food from these Indians. “He directed them how to set their corn, where to take fish and to procure other commodities, and was also their
The French offered protection from neighboring enemies while the Indigenous people offered resources such as fur trade, and education of European settlers on how to use the land. In creating this mutual alliance, the differences between the two cultures of people led to a natural formation of gender and power relationships. To better understand the meaning of these gender and power relationships, we can look at Joan Scott’s definition. Scotts states that “Gender is a constitutive element of social relationships based on perceived differences between the sexes and gender is a primary way of signifying relationships of power (SCOTT, 1067).” By incorporating these two ideas from Scott, we can better understand the different perceptions of social relationships between the French and the Indigenous people and how the misunderstood conflicts created a hierarchy and struggle for
“In 1659, both Joseph-François and his eldest son Zacharie-Francois, spent several years as captives among the Iroquois” (pg. 206). Because of their captivity, this allowed them to “familiarize themselves with the language and customs of the natives” thus enabling them “to collaborate with Native warriors”, when necessary (pg. 206). Joseph-François was maltreated during his two year captivity. Often he would be at the “risk of being buried alive” and due to his treatment from the Iroquois, he unfortunately suffered “a crippled hand” (pg.
St. Kateri Tekakwitha, who is also known as “Lily of the Mohawks”, “Genevieve of New France”, and “Pocahontas of the Catholic Church”, was born approximately in the year 1656 near Auriesville, New York, into the Mohawk tribe of the Iroquois Confederacy. Due to her being born such a long time ago, some details about her early life are uncertain. Her father was a mighty and well-respected Mohawk warrior, and some even suspect that he was chief of the tribe. Tekakwitha’s mother’s background is almost completely unknown. Some speculate that she was a Christian Algonquin, who was captured by an Iroquois, but saved by Tekakwitha’s father.
...h and the French and Indians, but shows some of the ironic nature of this conflict: that due to kidnapping and tribal adoption, some Abenaki Indians were likely to have almost as many English ancestors as the frontiersmen they opposed. The English frontiersmen could be as "savage" as the Indians. Brumwell does very well dispelling the clichés and stereotypes that many have become accustomed to. He uses records of the Abenaki Indian oral tradition to give a voice to both sides. It is a great book from start to finish. This is a true history buffs companion and a great addition to any library. The book is as complex in its knowledge as it is simplistic and detailed in its imagery. As a result, this book can be read by both specialists and general readers alike and can be pared with almost any text giving light to the French and Indian War or the aftermath thereof.
In “A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson,” Mary Rowlandson, a Puritan mother from Lancaster, Massachusetts, recounts the invasion of her town by Indians in 1676 during “King Philip’s War,” when the Indians attempted to regain their tribal lands. She describes the period of time where she is held under captivity by the Indians, and the dire circumstances under which she lives. During these terrible weeks, Mary Rowlandson deals with the death of her youngest child, the absence of her Christian family and friends, the terrible conditions that she must survive, and her struggle to maintain her faith in God. She also learns how to cope with the Indians amongst whom she lives, which causes her attitude towards them to undergo several changes. At first, she is utterly appalled by their lifestyle and actions, but as time passes she grows dependent upon them, and by the end of her captivity, she almost admires their ability to survive the harshest times with a very minimal amount of possessions and resources. Despite her growing awe of the Indian lifestyle, her attitude towards them always maintains a view that they are the “enemy.”
The Iroquois tribe was part of an alliance with five other tribes throughout New York that banded together against enemies, talked about land, and traded with each other. These peaceful people operated in a democracy, one of the first seen in the early world. Much is known about these tribes due to the missionaries which were sent out in the 1600’s. The Jesuits, an order of the Catholic Church devoted to teaching, spent the time to move out into the unknown world, live with these people, and teach them the ways of Catholicism. In doing this, they documented everything they saw and provided accurate accounts of the building of these structures.
One of the main forms of violence in the Old West was murder; the rising tension between the American soldiers and the Native Americans was a main contributor to this violence. An example of this strain is the Sand Creek Massacre. American soldiers attacked unaware Native Americans of the Cheyenne and Arapahoe ethnic groups. All men, women, and children were killed and/or tortured. There were no survivors. “Two soldiers drew their pistols and shot her [a little girl]”, portraying that these sort of crimes came about regularly in the West (Document G). Another example of this is the Battle of Beecher Island. The Battle of Beecher Island, also known as the Battle of Arikaree Fork, was the armed disagreement between soldiers of the U.S. Army and a few Native American tribes. According to Document H, there were “at least 50 [men dead]; perhaps as many as 200 [men] were wounded” (Document H). Adding on to the uneasiness between the Native Americans and the white soldiers, many killings were encountered by foolishness, not battle. The Native Americans and the soldiers wanted to prove that their race is more macho and better than the other. Even though Document L states that “113 [people] recorded no trouble with the Indians”, Document M detects many problems with the Native Americans resulting in “919” troops killed (Document L, Document M). The white soldiers in the Old West would have loved to kill the Native American’s buffalo popu...
Overall, There were so many differences between Native Americans cultures And the Europeans. Some of the examples are, the ideas of the lands owner, religion, and the gender. Their differences are more than the similarities. The impact of their cultures it still remains in today’s society. The cultural differences and the religions differences led to a bloody was that remains for 500 hundreds
Zaslow, Morris. The Defended Border, Upper Canada and the War of 1812. Toronto: MacMillian of Canada, 1983
They were warlike and went out on expeditions to places in New Brunswick, Massachusetts, parts of Maine, and the north shore of Lake Huron. Excursions have been documented all the way to Ohio-Mississippi valley. “’The character of all these [Iroquois] Nations is warlike and cruel,’ wrote Jesuit missionary Paul Le Jeune in 1657.” (Richter, 528) They had different purposes for war than Europeans did. Thus, since the Europeans did not understand the similarities and differences, they were called savage. The Iroquois did not wage war all the time though. The Hudson Bay Company and the Northwestern Fur Company employed Iroquois as canoe men; they were also employed by private enterprises connected with the fur trade or exploration. The Iroquois employed by the Hudson Bay Company “are reputed to have been the most expert in the country, and many stories are told of their skill and spirit of adventure.” (Chamberlain, 460) They also hunted beaver for corporations, sometimes with their families with them. Iroquois were employed as “canoe men, guides, carriers, and voyagers in the service of the Hudson Bay Company.” (Chamberlain, 460) Some of the Iroquois went as far as the Rocky Mountains, where they stayed and brought their culture with them. As time passed though, they mixed cultures until one could hardly tell they were part Iroquois. They did bring dug-outs, the crossbow, and teaching of the Jesuit fathers to
The Native American Indians had no beasts of burden, no plows, no wagons, no means of transportation, and no way to move heavy objects other than by their own power. The Europeans brought over horses, oxen, donkeys, and camels. Horses became very valuable to the Native Americans. For the hunter-gatherers or nomads, the effect was beneficial because the horse enabled them to cover great distances, and hunters could locate and kill the bison more easily. H...
Both “The Legend of Qu’Appelle Valley” by E. Pauline Johnson and “Qu’Appelle” by David Bouchard retell the same First Nation’s legend but develop different voices throughout the use of stylized English, syntax and figurative language. The narratives follow similar timelines in which events occur, characters and theme of how the Qu'Appelle valley came to be. Writing in Shakespearean English rather than modern English is a stylized choice by Johnson which gives the overall story an academic voice and romanticizes the legend. For example, Johnson says, “I heard a voice speak tenderly my name… I answered; no reply” (Johnson, 5). In contrast, Bouchard employs an informal voice with the use of third and second person. This
The Native Americans or American Indians, once occupied all of the entire region of the United States. They were composed of many different groups, who speaked hundreds of languages and dialects. The Indians from the Southwest used to live in large built terraced communities and their way of sustain was from the agriculture where they planted squash, pumpkins, beans and corn crops. Trades between neighboring tribes were common, this brought in additional goods and also some raw materials such as gems, cooper. seashells and soapstone.To this day, movies and television continue the stereotype of Indians wearing feathered headdresses killing innocent white settlers. As they encountered the Europeans, automatically their material world was changed. The American Indians were amazed by the physical looks of the white settlers, their way of dressing and also by their language. The first Indian-White encounter was very peaceful and trade was their principal interaction. Tension and disputes were sometimes resolved by force but more often by negotiation or treaties. On the other hand, the Natives were described as strong and very innocent creatures awaiting for the first opportunity to be christianized. The Indians were called the “Noble Savages” by the settlers because they were cooperative people but sometimes, after having a few conflicts with them, they seem to behaved like animals. We should apprehend that the encounter with the settlers really amazed the natives, they were only used to interact with people from their own race and surroundings and all of this was like a new discovery for them as well as for the white immigrants. The relations between the English and the Virginian Indians was somewhat strong in a few ways. They were having marriages among them. For example, when Pocahontas married John Rolfe, many said it has a political implication to unite more settlers with the Indians to have a better relation between both groups. As for the Indians, their attitude was always friendly and full of curiosity when they saw the strange and light-skinned creatures from beyond the ocean. The colonists only survived with the help of the Indians when they first settler in Jamestown and Plymouth. In this areas, the Indians showed the colonists how to cultivate crops and gather seafood.The Indians changed their attitude from welcome to hostility when the strangers increased and encroached more and more on hunting and planting in the Natives’ grounds.