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Background to the study of special education
Negative effects of special education
The key features of inclusive teaching
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Recommended: Background to the study of special education
Students with Special Needs in the Language Classroom Students that show the need for special education are those who have more difficulties that the rest of the students in understanding curriculum that is at their age level. Reasons for the difficulties could be the result of a series of internal causes or the result of an inadequate educational approach. To overcome these deficiencies, the student needs a series of conditions that offer special adaptations to ordinary curriculum, such as including a list of specific resources that the students can use that differ than those which the school offers on a daily basis. The language teacher has to pay special attention to the use of written and oral language in the foreign language in the classroom. There are effective motivation devices that, with correct use, help the slower learners include themselves in the progress of the class, as well as ensure that the gifted students do not lose time or get bored. There are also useful devices for those studetns with special needs; in carefully selected materials they can find the help necessary to reach the objectives layed out for their situation. The teacher should pull the maximum benefit from the interaction among students through performing and acting out role-plays, readings, recordings or songs, description of illustrations, photographs, etc. Also the teacher could find beneficial the oral comprehension exercises, in which the students must find some particular information. The teacher must consider that the student's learning difficulties mainly have interactive origins. This means that the difficulties depend as much on the student's own characteristics as on the environment in which the student de... ... middle of paper ... ...rn themselves into investigators by reflecting on their own actions, primarily thinking about: * If they adapt the course contents to the levels of the students, with the lessons being taught more or less to the middle level of the group * If they teach specific lessons for students with special needs * If they apply the curriculum openly, concentrating on the students' interests * If they study at great length every situation that arises in the classroom * If continuous attention is given to diversity in curriculum diversivication programs * If the faculty's suport is necessary to carry out the personalized attention * If they use materials other than the textbook * If they look into psycho-pedagogical studies * If they carry out and use the results from the initial evaluation as an information source for future action
When do English language learners need to be placed in special education? In the United States, there has been an increase in in the number of children from Spanish speaking backgrounds. The English Language Learners, commonly known as ELL’s, are being placed in Special Education without being properly tested for a learning disability. However there are a large number of ELL’s with learning disabilities in elementary grades that truly have a learning disability and are over looked.
There is a lot of literature that discusses the overwhelming misrepresentation of culturally and linguistically diverse students in the special education system. The disproportionate numbers are over-represented for students that are disabled and under-represented for students that are gifted (Shealey, McHatton & Wilson, 2011). Research has found that many of these cases are a result of errors that occur in the diagnostic process. Misdiagnosis can occur because of various reasons, including cultural bias, low teacher efficacy, or personality conflict between teacher and student. Dina is a student whose challenges in the classroom clearly exemplify how misdiagnosis can occur, because her multilingualism and diverse cultural background present a challenge for her teacher. While a diagnosis that entitles one to special education services can be beneficial for many students, it can be disadvantageous to those who are not actually disabled. Many students receive “labels” that they do not feel they deserve (Arnold and Lassman, 2003), and many students placed in the special education system suffer from low expectations and are not pushed to reach their maximum potential. This is a big issue in our increasingly diverse society, and the high incidence of pedagogically induced disabilities must be addressed.
Following on from the I CAN report (2006) this independent cross governmental review was undertaken by John Bercow (2008) at the request of Alan Johnson, the Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families (2007), and noted by Mroz (2012) as the most extensive review of Speech Language and Communication Needs (SLCN) undertaken in England. The review, which assessed efficiency and effectiveness of provision for SLCN, was facilitated through major consultation with both parent and professional, alongside personal experience and carried out through discussions and questionnaires. In conjunction with this, support and contribution was made by the Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists (RCSLT) and the write out(DCSF). The RCSLT (2008) highlights how the review is the most significant policy, having long-term impact on the future of SLCN.
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When speaking of the learning disabled, bilingual student, one must consider some dimensions to the issue of assessment within a particularly specialized light. This special population reflects both the learning disabled (LD) and the bilingual student. For purposes of this discussion, it is presumed that most all members of this specialized segment are Hispanic. This is largely the case within a practical context, although as the literature points out, pre-considerations must be afforded for bilingual education (students) Ñ as well as those members of the Hispanic community who reflect a variety of backgrounds, including Puerto Ricans, Dominicans, Cubans, etc. To this extent, it is the view of this author that the challenges for the bilingual, learning disabled, and special education educator are particularly complex. To begin with, it is important to look at the many variables that exist within the aforementioned components. These components include English as a Second Language (ESL), the extent to which Hispanic students speak English at home, the extent to which Spanish speaking students speak Spanish at home, the extent to which parents are involved or assume an active role in this overall effort, and finally the impact this has on teaching the learning disabled in a classroom setting Ñ and more specifically Ñ when employing the assistance of a translator. It is the view of this author that, too often, curriculum-based assessment is hampered with some biases, to which extent it is the aim of this author to address some of these. David P. Dolson (1985) offers us some insight into the importance of these relationships, stating that the most essential factor between academic achievement and scholastic performance on the part of the Hispanic child is directly related to the effect of Spanish home language. He challenges an assumption by many educators that Hispanic students from Spanish language homes do less well in schools than Hispanic students from primarily English speaking homes. The direction of the difference on each of ten scholastic variables indicates that students from additive bilingual homes have a conspicuous advantage when compared to counterparts from subtractive bilingual homes.
Today, students are separated into many categories, one of which is special education; the students under this label are likely to model “atypical” behavior rather than “typical” behavior. Defining and distinguishing these behaviors is what creates the special education process; evaluating and viewing each student individually and taking into consideration the individuals strengths and weaknesses. Special education is a broad term used to describe many children on a spectrum. The general term “special” can be used to include children from the gifted program that test above that of their normal grade level, to students suffering from impairments such as being deaf or blind, to students with learning disabilities such as dyslexia, and students suffering from a wide range of mental disabilities including, but not limited to, autism, and downs syndrome. This paper focuses specifically on the intellectually disabled side of special education, which is only a portion of special education. People with intellectual disabilities have a wide range of limitations in areas such as recognition, ability and social adaption skills, they are more prone than the rest of the population to chronic, life-long physical, mental and social conditions that require specific forms of health and social services (Jin-Ding. 2006, p. 1). Students that suffer intellectual disabilities are usually identified through tests and measures of adaptive behavior. These tests indicate a person’s ability to “perform functional activities expected of age and cultural norms”(Smith, 2011, p. 5). Individuals in this classification have significant limitations, both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practica...
I have been a Special Education Para-Educator for eleven years now. My decision to do this was based on the needs of my family and kids. When my last child was born, the doctors did not think that he would make it. He had a heart malfunction and was born with RSV and Von Villibrantds disease (which I did not find out until he was three); those factors lead me to want to work with special education kids, knowing that I could make a difference.
Inclusion of all students in classrooms has been an ongoing issue for the past twenty-five years (Noll, 2013). The controversy is should special education students be placed in an inclusion setting or should they be placed in a special education classroom? If the answer is yes to all special education students being placed in inclusion, then how should the inclusion model look? Every students is to receive a free an appropriate education. According to the Individual Education Act (IDEA), all students should be placed in the Least Restrictive Learning Environment (Noll, 2013).
Primary schools that introduce language learning at an earlier phase may do so for a number of purposes, but it is because of the benefits of learning a language at a younger age that this paper has chosen Modern Foreign Languages (MFL) as its target scheme of work. For the purpose of this assignment the focus language will be French (but the strategies to be discussed will apply to any MFL). The ideas within the scheme of work will be critically discussed as part of university experience, school practice and relevant research.
When you think of language the first thing that comes to mind is speech. Without speech, which is made up of letters, vocal sounds and words, we would not be able to communicate and understand each other’s needs. So in order for educators to help enhance literacy development they must take into consideration the whole classroom and how it should be designed. In this paper, I am going to create a floor plan of my current pre-school classroom and discuss how it fosters language development in the library center, dramatic play center, and the block center including an explanation of how these three areas support language acquisition.
Also, external stress comes from outside of our bodies. The reasons are pollution, our job, financial worries, being too busy, relationship difficulties, meet difficulties, poor working environment, poor career development, problems at home, and other outside factors. All of these factors are beginner of external stress in the workplace. Dervaux and Amor (2007) as cited in Sekimoto (2008) state that a cause of external stressor is high sound place...
The promotion of foreign language education in America’s primary schools is vital to a child’s learning process, cultural awareness, and future in the workforce. Although they are scarce, there are some elementary schools across the United States that incorporate foreign language courses in the curriculum. This is most common in areas bordering other countries and relative to the language spoken, as French is taught most often along the border of Canada and Spanish along the border of Mexico. The process of learning another language is beneficial the learning process of all subjects because the methods used combine teaching procedures present in every class. The broad learning capacity gained from learning a foreign language and the ability to converse with other peoples helps people in careers as well, making them apt for any profession. Special schools have been created to promote a mixed-culture learning environment, such as charter schools and bilingual schools. The students who attend these specialized schools are exposed to different ways of life at the early age that is best for absorbing new information and living in two opposite cultures successfully. Foreign language education in primary school is necessary because during the years a child is in elementary school is the time in which children are most susceptible to taking in new information.
Education is a profession which requires a teacher to be able to communicate with a multitude of students on a variety of levels. There is not a class, or student for that matter, that is identical. Therefore, teachers must be able to identify and help educate students from all different types of backgrounds and at different levels. Teaching a singular subject presents difficulties, but teaching students with disabilities should not be one. There are three main teaching areas that need to be focused on when teaching a student with a learning disability. Teachers need to focus on the strategies that will assist students with reading comprehension skills, writing skills, and maintaining appropriate behaviors in a classroom setting.