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Conservatism
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I. Introduction
Robert Kagan has been described as a “neoconservative historian,” and yet the commentator’s views are more complex than can be squeezed into one phrase. Kagan does exhibit some of the hallmarks of neoconservative ideology, including the continued belief in American exceptionalism, and a willingness to use terms like “new world order.” Kagan vehemently opposes the belief that the American hegemon is declining in status and power, admitting only that the United States is rethinking its role in foreign policy and international affairs. Kagan is a foreign policy advisor who Barack Obama has reportedly heralded and cited in presidential speeches. One reviewer of books in The New York Times described the author’s work as being “wonderfully argued.” Another claims that glaring logical fallacies, “fuzzy generalizations, debatable assertions and self-important declarations of the obvious,” generally discredit the international relations maestro. Therefore, Robert Kagan emerges as a highly controversial commentator who, at the very least, has a grasp on the American psyche, fears and all.
II. Author Background
Robert Kagan was born in Athens, NY in 1958. He worked as a political advisor to Congressman Jack Kemp, before joining the Reagan administration. After writing speeches for Secretary of State George Schultz, Kagan became head of the Office of Public Diplomacy, and the Deputy for Policy in the Bureau of Inter-American Affairs. Kagan also founded the Project for the New American Century, and has authored several books on foreign policy and international relations.
III. Concepts of International Relations
Kagan’s earliest work describes the Reagan administration’s interventionist foreign policies, as in A Twilight ...
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Kagan, Robert. “A Twilight Struggle.” Foreign Affairs. July/August 1996. Retrieved online: http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/52129/david-c-hendrickson/a-twilight-struggle-american-power-and-nicaragua-1977-1990
Kagan, Robert. Of Paradise and Power. New York: First Vintage, 2004.
Kagan, Robert. The Return of History and the End of Dreams. New York: Random House, 2008.
Kakutani, Michiko. “Historian Who Influences Both Obama and Romney: ‘The World America Made,’ by Robert Kagan.” The New York Times. 13 Feb 2012. Retrieved online: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/14/books/the-world-america-made-by-robert-kagan.html?_r=0
Sanger, David E. “Democracy, Limited.” The New York Times. 18 May, 2008. Retrieved online: http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/18/books/review/Sanger-t.html?pagewanted=all
As we move into the reelection year, the authors accuse Nancy of ensuring that Reagan hasn’t campaigned for eight months, following a “Rose Garden strategy.” But Reagan has no credible opponent for the 1984 nomination, and Walter Mondale, who will be his Democratic opponent in the general election, has not yet been nominated. So there is no need for a strategy, Rose Garden or otherwise. Of course we get the full chapter and verse on Reagan’s poor performance in his first debate with Mondale; at least we also get the report on the second debate. From there the narrative jumps to the Iran-Contra affair. A few high points — like the Berlin Wall speech in 1987 — are indeed included, but without any perspective on Reagan’s strategy, perseverance with the Soviets on arms control, or success in revitalizing the U.S. economy. Nothing is said about Reagan’s four second-term summits with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. Except for a few comments that Reagan deplored Communism, this is a policy-free book, and a book
Dated back in 1986, “Letter to Americans” is as if it’s written in the last three-four years. In it E. P. Thompson explains why he is anti-American in his beliefs.
Brinkley, Alan. The Unfinished Nation: A Concise History of the American People. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010. Print.
Schiller, W. J., Geer, J. G., & Segal, J. A. (2013). Gateways to democracy: introduction to American government, the essentials. (2nd ed.). Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth ;.
Without understanding the importance of foreign relations the American people’s way of life could be at stake. Not only could the economic strength of the U.S. diminish, but the military might of the U.S. could also be compromised. Mead argues that without the centrality of foreign policy being evident in American politics the happiness of the world is at risk. “Since the United States has become the central power in a worldwide system of finance, communications, and trade, it is not only the American people whose happiness and security will be greatly affected by the quality of American foreign policy in coming years (Mead 176). I contend that without a strong emphasis on foreign policy, we could begin to see the end of American
Donald Kagan argues for the requisiteness of Western History by describing older cultures, and then explaining how these older cultures became a key influence in what our society has become today. He examines the ancient Greek, Christian, and English culture influences that helped form our country. Throughout his essay, his depth of historical research is quite evident. He uses historical research of past cultures to imply the necessity of knowing where we, as Americans, came from. This approach helps establish the author’s credibility, and makes his presentation more plausible.
1. Janda, Kenneth. The Challenge of Democracy. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston, MA. 1999. (Chapter 3 & 4).
‘The Sources of Soviet Conduct’ also known as the “X” article is an imperative document that are needed to understand United States foreign policy in the Cold War. Written by George F. Keenan, a U.S. diplomatic staff in the Soviet Union, the “X” article turned into an influential document after the U.S. realized that the Soviet Union would no longer be allies in peacetime and it was necessity to figure out the nature of the Soviet Union so the U.S. could form precise foreign policies to prevent Soviet threats. This paper attempts to assess the “X” article’s influence in U.S. foreign policy in the early days of the Cold War, especially its role in Truman’s doctrine.
Tindall, George B., and David E. Shi. America: A Narrative History. 7th ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company Inc., 2007.
Landy, Marc and Sidney M. Milkis. American Government: Balancing Democracy and Rights. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2004.
Landy, Marc and Sidney M. Milkis. American Government: Balancing Democracy and Rights. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2004.
Presidential power can be viewed in terms of Domestic and Foreign affairs. This chapter discusses how the presiden’ts normal problem with domestic policy is to get congressional support for the programs he prefers, while in foreign affairs he can almost always get support for policies that he believes will protect the nation. The president soon discovers that he has more policy preference in domestic matters than in foreign policy.
Landy, Marc and Sidney M. Milkis. American Government: Balancing Democracy and Rights. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2004.
Nye, Jr., Joseph S. “Hard and Soft Power in American Foreign Policy.” In Paradox of American Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. 4-17. Print.
Barry, Brian. "Is Democracy Special?" in Philosophy, Politics, & Society, 5th Series, ed. Peter Laslett & James Fishkin. Hew Haven: Yale University Press, 1979.