Softening Hard Water With Sodium Carbonate
Prediction
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In a preliminary experiment, we discovered that adding 1g. Na2CO3 to
hard water softened it slightly. We tested both tap water and
distilled water with the sodium stearate and discovered that tap water
was far harder than distilled water, we then tested tap water that 1g
of Na2CO3 had been applied to. This solution was softer than the
original tap water. The exact results were;
Type of water
Soap solution required
1st attempt
2nd attempt
Average
Distilled
0.5
0.5
0.5
Tap
4.5
5.0
4.75
Tap with 1g. Na2CO3
3.5
3.0
3.25
This tells us that Na2CO3 softens hard water. However 1g Na2CO3 did
not render it as soft as distilled water. Now our aim is to determine
whether increasing the quantity of Na2CO3 added to the hard water
softens it more effectively. We are measuring the hardness of the
water by the volume of soap solution required to produce a lather.
Thus, the less soap solution required to form a lather, the softer the
water, and the more successful the Na2CO3.
We know that 1g Na2CO3 did not fully soften the water. My prediction
is that as the quantity of Na2CO3 is increased, the water will become
softer. Thus requiring less soap to form a lather. Additionally I
predict that after a certain point the Na2CO3 will become less
effective at softening the water until finally it will not effect the
softness of the water if more Na2CO3 were to be added.
Water is made hard by dissolved calcium ions, Ca2+, when placed into a
solution Na2CO3 splits up into Na+ ions and CO32- ions, the CO32- ions
combine with the dissolved calcium ions to create calcium carbonate,
this is a solid precipitate that doesn't alter the softness of the
water. The sodium ions stay dissolved in the water, but they don't
Two solutions were prepared by using Calcium Nitrate Ca(〖NO_3)〗_2 with concentration of 0.101 M, Potassium Iodate KIO_3 with concentration of 0.100 M, and deionized water. First solution contained 25.0 mL of Calcium Nitrate and 25.0 mL of Potassium Iodate. In the second solution, 15.0 mL of deionized water were added with 10.0 mL Calcium Nitrate and 25.0 mL of Potassium Iodate. Each of these solutions was mixed for 15 minutes. After the reaction of the solutions took place, each of the solutions was filtered. To remove water liquid from the filtered solution, both of the precipitates in the
The purpose for this lab was to use aluminum from a soda can to form a chemical compound known as hydrated potassium aluminum sulfate. In the lab aluminum waste were dissolved in KOH or potassium sulfide to form a complex alum. The solution was then filtered through gravity filtration to remove any solid material. 25 mLs of sulfuric acid was then added while gently boiling the solution resulting in crystals forming after cooling in an ice bath. The product was then collected and filter through vacuum filtration. Lastly, crystals were collected and weighed on a scale.
This would give us an extra measure of accuracy each time. Another way to improve the experiment and to produce consistent readings was to used distilled water. This is because the distilled water contains no impurities and therefore no hardness in water.
To begin the experiment, we measured 5cc of water and 5g of NaCl and added them to a test tube. Next, we stoppered the test tube and shook vigorously for two or three minutes. After we observed that the solution was saturated and massed an evaporating dish (18.89g) and poured most of the solution into it, while being careful not to pour any undissolved solid into the dish. Next, we massed the evaporating dish with the solution and found it to be 23.32g. The next step was to slowly evaporate the solution in the evaporating dish using a hot plate. Once the liquid was evaporated from the solution, to the best of our ability, we massed the remaining solid in the dish, which we found to be 20.32g. This was the last step of the physical portion of the experiment, and we proceeded to the calculations. First, we found the mass of the remaining solid by subtracting the mass of the evaporating dish from the mass of the solid and evaporating dish, which we found to be 1.43g. To find the mass of the evaporated water we subtracted the mass of the solid and evaporating dish from the mass of the solution and evaporating dish, which we found to be 3g. Because the density of water is 1g/1cc, the mass is the ...
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When Alka-Seltzer comes in contact with water, a chemical reaction immediately occurs that releases carbon dioxide gas. This reaction creates a lot of bubbles and fizz like a soda, and like a soda, the bubbles are carbon dioxide gas (CO2).
The goal of this experiment was to: create a dilute NaCl solution and calculate molarity, molality, and parts per million, experimentally determine the molarity of the same dilute NaCl solution through Mohr chloride precipitation technique, then, evaluate the accuracy by comparing the actual value to the experimental one. The actual molarity was calculated using the average density of three trials, mass of NaCl in solution, and molarity formula to be 0.0140 mol/L, the molality was calculated to be 0.0143, and the PPM was calculated to be 833. The experimental value for molarity, obtained through titration using AgNO3 as a titrant with Ag2CrO4 as an indicator, was averaged over three trials to be .01523 mol/L. Comparing experimental and actual values gave an estimated standard deviation of 0.00032 M with a confidence interval of +0.00079 at 95% and +0.0018 at 99%. The percent error for molarity was 8.8%. The experimentally determined molarity was functionally close to the actual molarity, however, some significant error in accuracy was observed. The amount of precision achieved with reasonable accuracy suggests this experiment could be used in testing salinity of separate bodies of water for comparison. The high % error inaccuracy, however, also suggests this should not be used in comparing minute changes in salinity in a single body of water.
Investigating the Solubility of Table Salt in Distilled Water at Different Temperatures The aim of this essay is to explain and discuss the drug cannabis and its effects in relation to biochemical, behavioural and psychological factors. The introduction will outline a brief history relating to the drug and include both the medicinal and recreational purposes of its use. The main discussion will explain how the drug chemistry affects the nervous system emphasising what neurotransmitter is effected and also what behavioural and psychological implications this has on the user.
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borate) and 1.0 g. of sodium hydroxide in 20 mL of warm water. It may
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