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Social reproduction framework
Comparing and contrasting gender roles
Comparing and contrasting gender roles
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Social reproduction is was a term coined by Karl Marx and offers broad ideas of reproduction. According to sociologist Christopher Doob it refers to “the emphasis on the structures and activities that transmit social inequality from one generation to the next”. It also refers to the The physical and emotional (caring) labour involved in the everyday and intergenerational maintenance of life itself. The concept changes significantly under neoliberalism, by increasingly privatizing responsibilities. Social reproduction is a feminist issue as issues like the domestic division of labour. The domestic division of labour places greater value on public work outside of the home where the men are the breadwinners and completely disregards the women's …show more content…
In relation tot he topic of social reproduction it offers insight into the role reversal of both men and women. It is illustarteated in an article by Eleni Bourantani where the author discuss the role reversal of couples. In case study the man is the given care taker of the family while the wife works. The couple is constantly changing roles as to who the bread winner is however, it is interesting to find that when the husband is the stay at home dad he feels undervalued and under appreciated by his wife. In the article he states “Clearly it doesn’t work with us when we have those delineated roles so clear. One of us is really happy and the other is utterly miserable. Maybe that’s why we haven’t done more of those absolute black and white roles”(Bourantani,2017). This example showcases that queering in the concept of social reproduction is a feminist issue as it destigmatizes the very structures that promote inequality. This example showcases that those traditional roles made by a patriarchal society do not reflect current times It becomes a feminist issue as both men and women feel neglected in these traditional roles. This isimrtant because what if the man does choose to be a stay at home parent. It does not and should not take away from this idea of “masculinity”. This is vital in the discussion of social …show more content…
This is due to association of gender with traditional roles. For example, In a conversation with the doctor a man is asked abut his family life he states “Does she go to bed after supper?’‘No, I do. She has things to do around the house until about nine o’clock.’‘But of course you say your wife doesn’t work?’‘Of course she doesn’t work. I told you,she stays at home.’”(International Labour Organisation 1977). In this conversation there is a complete disconnect for the man as he is oblivious to the fact his wife has worked just as many hours as him but he does not consider it work. This is important in terms of domestic division of labour as is places value on those who do not work at home.It also reinforces the idea that working outside of the home is a secondary activity. It should also be noted that the argument made by feminist it not to place a monetary amount on the work of household chores but to make the work appreciated and
In the book Difference Matters, Brenda J Allen, begins writing about how gender matters in society. One of the main topics that she talks about is how in today’s society the male gender is the more predominate gender. As the reader, she has brought to mind many new ways to view how males earn more money then females, how we classify jobs as masculine or feminine, and also how society excepts males’ vs females to act and preform in the work force.
Jensen provides evidence throughout the text for three assumptions on why masculinity must be terminated from pertaining to just males. It is proposed that masculinity is harmful for both men and women, that men are surrendering their humanity by conforming with masculinity, and
While we tend to look at the world in a gendered fashion, there are differences in what’s considered masculine and feminine. In addition to varying from person to person, the concepts of masculinity and femininity also vary across time periods, across different cultures, and even across the span of an individual’s life. Kimmel pluralizes these terms to “acknowledge that masculinity and femininity mean different things to different groups of people at different times” (Kimmel; 10). He goes on further to reference sociologist R. W. Connell’s explanation of hegemonic masculinity, which states that it is “constructed in relation to various subordinated masculinities as well as in relation to women” (Kimmel; 10). In an article by Connell, he describes
Suggested roles of all types set the stage for how human beings perceive their life should be. Gender roles are one of the most dangerous roles that society faces today. With all of the controversy applied to male vs. female dominance in households, and in the workplace, there seems to be an argument either way. In the essay, “Men as Success Objects”, the author Warren Farrell explains this threat of society as a whole. Farrell explains the difference of men and women growing up and how they believe their role in society to be. He justifies that it doesn’t just appear in marriage, but in the earliest stages of life. Similarly, in the essay “Roles of Sexes”, real life applications are explored in two different novels. The synthesis between these two essays proves how prevalent roles are in even the smallest part of a concept and how it is relatively an inevitable subject.
Critics of feminist studies of men often argue that the politics to change values and behaviour need to come from men themselves, because feminist women’s long efforts against gender discrimination, misogyny, sexual harassment, rape, battering, and male violence have often created backlash and stubborn resistance from men (Lorber, 2012, 274). If men do not fight for what they want they will not see change, it will not be handed to them as many things have already been. Although, the question presumes, why would men want to change something that they feel is just fine? This is where controversy takes place. A change must occur in order for things to be equal. Men do not always have to be the breadwinners; On the other hand, areas that seemed to indicate potential gender equality – fatherhood and men doing “women’s work” – have ironically restored gender inequality. This refers to the racialized glass escalator. Where men who do women’s work have reliable preferences in the working environment, such that even in occupations where men are numerical in minorities they are likely to enjoy higher wages and faster promotions (Lorber, 2012, p.264) In addition, men get daddy bonuses when they become fathers while women workers suffer a motherhood penalty in reduced wages (Lorber, 2012, 274). Limitations such as these reinforce gender
Sociological study on the gendered division of labour within the domestic sphere has perennially been characterised by evidence of a clear inequality concerning the allocation of unpaid chores within the home between men and women (Warren, 2003:734). While men have traditionally been regarded as primary breadwinners, the management of home-maintenance has remained largely women’s responsibility (Breen & Cooke, 2005:47). A number of theories exist to explain this unequal distribution of domestic labour, in particular the economic exchange model (which argues that women perform domestic duties in ‘exchange’ for financial support from their husbands), and the gender display model, which asserts that household labour is divided on the basis of the symbolic importance of gender (Baxter, 2002:401). While this paper will argue the inherent features of both models, it will also discuss the importance of gender stereotypes in maintaining the unequal distribution of household labour, despite women’s increasing involvement in the workforce. The paper will also demonstrate that the issue of a gendered division of labour holds great significance for sociological study, particularly surrounding issues of power, dominance and authority in the gender regime.
She brings up statistics of the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics quoting that 55% of mothers that also work full time go home and do some housework on an average day, while only 18% of full time employed fathers do some housework on an average day (1). Grose then furthers her point by adding that “even in the famously gender neutral Sweden, women do 45 minutes more housework a day than their male partners” (2). Another statement that strengthened Grose’s argument was from her interview with David Michael Perez (publisher and editor of Kindling Quarterly) that even if a man does more decorating and cleaning (as he does), the wife will receive the reward or credit
Social reproduction is the reproduction of cultural, human, and social capital in society. Therefore languages, traditions, cultural values, education, food security, and social circles are passed down from one generation to the next through Karl Mannheim’s concept of “fresh contact” and through society as a whole. Social reproduction is effective when social structures and equality within society are maintained. Inequality, poverty, and social changes that force society to adapt can impede the process of social reproduction causing what is known as a “crisis in social reproduction” (Wells, 2009). Born into Brothels demonstrates a crisis of social reproduction that negatively impacts the lives of children living in Sonagachi as a result of globalization, neoliberal policies, poverty, lack of adequate education and social structures to pass down capital, and the stigma of prostitution. Additionally, it shows the need for children to make economic contributions to their families that prevent them from leaving the brothel.
Unfortunately the gendered division of labor has maintained its origins in the home, while copying its structure in the workplace. This can be seen inside families through the sharp distinctions between paid work and non work, paid and unpaid productivity, and even the separation of the private and public spheres where women are perceived as attached to the private and men to the public domains. (Grant & Porter 1994: 153) This is an important issue because while home and work may be physically separate...
According to the Feminist Theory women must maintain the household and take care of the children and husband. Women juggle taking care of the home sometimes along with a full-time job. It is normal for a husband to go play golf with his friends on a Saturday, while the wife must stay home and keep the children and do housework. My dad would often go fishing on the weekend because he needed time to relax from his workweek.
Gender is defined as the scopes of genetic, physical, mental and behaviour characteristics pertaining to, and differentiating between, masculinity and feminity, meanwhile inequality is defined as in a situation where there is an unfair situation or treatment in which certain people have more privileges or better opportunities or chances than other people. Thus, from the definition stated gender inequality refers to unequal or unfair management, treatment, or perceptions of persons or individuals are based on their gender. In a parallel sense, gender inequality can be said as the world in which there was discrimination against anyone based on gender. In this introductory, the general understanding of gender inequalities will be discussed further into three significant factors that influence the allocation of housework between men and women. Household chores can be classified as cleaning, cooking and paying bills. Division of housework serves as an important element in the continuation of the function of a family and it requires contribution from both spouses (Tang, 2012). However, current society’s perception on housework is based on gender, so the three major factors that influence the division of household chores within the couples are education level, economic resources, and time availability (refer to Figure1 in Appendix 1).
The traditional view of gender roles differs where women are nurturing, home oriented and calm. On the other hand, men are seen as the opposite. Nevertheless, the modern view does not distinguish these differences because of the greater involvement of the father in the family. The differences do not lie among the genders but the perspective of the individuals in society, both genders can contribute to each other’s works regardless of what sex they fall under. The society, religious institute, and media play a greater role in shaping these gender roles.
The stereotype that a woman should shoulder the work that is supposed to be on theirs as well as men’s in taking care of both the household and the family, lacks sufficient evidence and is therefore
The roles women typically play in the family may not always be consistent with success in the occupational arena. Staying home to care for a sick child may conflict with an important meeting (Broman 1991:511). Sometimes there has to be a change of plans when it comes to the family. Most people believe that family comes first no matter what. Men 's engagement in paid work fulfills prescriptions of hegemonic masculinity by facilitating their ability to gain status in the public sphere. A man can judge his worth by the size of a paycheck (Thebaud 2010:335). Most research shows that women are more likely to be effected by the household and men are more likely to be effected by their job. Some people feel that the goal is to reach higher on the occupational
As time went on it became no longer feasibly possible for only one breadwinner and women became more prevalent in the workplace as two incomes were now needed (Brenner, 2000). Brenner (2000, p. 308) states, “male dominance continues, because feminism has been signally unable to win significant changes in the organization of social reproduction”. This quote thus proving that the idea of social reproduction still exists in the fact that women are still seen as caregivers and expected in the