1. The movement of white blood cells (leukocytes) is controlled by signaling/chemical cues from sites of injury. When an injury occurs, cues are sent to the white blood cells that signals them to the area necessary to fight infection.
2. Proteins and inflammation are related through the transmission of signaling reactions since membrane bound proteins are responsible for the transmission of signals from the inflammation sites.
3. Microtubules induce movement in the cell by providing tracks on which membrane bound vesicles travel to and from the plasma membrane. A family of motor proteins that link the vesicles and microtubules are responsible for the direction in which these cargo vesicles move towards.
4. Inside a cell, proteins are processed
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within the cytosol where pores in the nuclear envelope allow particles with mRNA and proteins in. Free ribosomes translate the mRNA molecules into proteins. 5. When a cell is inflamed, strong interactions cause the immobilization of rolling leukocytes at the site of inflammation. Additional signaling causes an intense reorganization of the cytoskeleton which results in the spreading of one edge of the leukocyte between endothelial cells while the other travels through the blood vessel wall into the inflaming tissue. Part 2: 6. I believe the role between infection and inflammation is a problem-solution role. When viruses, bacteria, or any other harmful objects attack the human body, an infection occurs. As a response to the infection and to begin the healing process, the infected area becomes inflamed. Immunity is created on a cellular level in many ways. When the body is exposed to either viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites through infection or vaccination, the immune system then creates antibodies and immune cells that deactivates and sometimes destroys the infectious organisms. By doing so, the immune system tends to remember the previous experience and its defense mechanisms in order to protect itself from the same infectious organisms in the future. This is known as specific immunity. Temporary immunity to a few diseases is gained by acquired antibodies directly from our mothers while in the womb. 7. Vaccines mimic natural immunity by protecting people from diseases. Vaccines give people immunity to specific infectious diseases by causing the immune system to develop antibodies and memory cells that will protect the body from infectious diseases without being exposed to the actual infection. By doing so, the body is being protected from potentially life-threatening illnesses. 10. Individual bacteria do evolve over time. Bacterial species evolve overtime when an individual with better altered genes survives and breeds others with the same enhanced traits. New genetic traits tend to appear randomly, but the environment selects traits for individuals that help them survive and grow. 11. (a) Parasites and Helminthes: Parasites classify under a wide variety of organisms, from single-celled protozoa to helminths while viruses are more simple particles. Both parasites and viruses cause a wide variety of illnesses but, unlike viruses, parasites can be killed off by antibiotics. A similarity between viruses and parasites/helminthes is that they both require a host in order to grow and replicate. They both grow and replicate by using their host’s metabolic functions. Another similarity between viruses and parasites/helminthes is that they both cause harm to their hosts. (b) Prions and Viroids: Prions and viroids are the smallest know infection agents. Prions consist of a single protein while viroids are a capsid lacking RNA circle. Prions are known as proteins that have “gone bad” and tend to infect brain tissue and cause normal proteins to change shape which leads to cell death. Viroids are known to infect plants and sometimes may affect the expression of genes. Prions, viroids, and viruses are all acellular pathogens that cannot reproduce on their own. Unlike Prions and Viroids, viruses are simple particles composed of as few as two genes inside protein shells that must infect a host cell in order to grow and reproduce. Part 3: 12. Cellular biology relates to aging in many different ways, for example, excess levels of oxygen free radicals can result in cellular damage which can damage proteins and DNA and in return will lead to the malfunction of cells. Cellular biology and aging also relate in terms of changes in blood sugar levels, which can cause protein crosslinking. This protein crosslinking will then cause cells and tissues to stiffen, which will reduce flexibility and organ function. Part 4: 13.
Types of Memory:
- Declarative Memory: The memory of facts and events; memories that can be consciously recalled. (Brain structures involved: Prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus).
- Working Memory: Part of short term memory which deals with immediate and conscious processing; holds limited amounts of information that can be manipulated and used for certain tasks such as learning and reasoning. (Brain structures involved: Prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus).
- Short-Term Memory: Similar to working memory except that it is not manipulated. Short-term memory holds small amounts of information in an accessible state for a small amount of time. (Brain structures involved: Temporal lobe and the hippocampus).
- Long-Term Declarative Memory: Conscious memories, facts, and events that can be remembered years after it has been learned. (Brain structures involved: Cortex).
- Long-Term Procedural Memory: Responsible for knowing how to do things and perform different actions unconsciously (ex. skills, habits). (Brain structures involved: Basal ganglia and the cerebellum).
I feel as though I excel in Long-Term Procedural Memory since it relates to motor skills and actions. Without trouble or having to really think about it I am able to perform tasks such as riding a bike, driving a car, and climbing
stairs. I believe that I struggle the most with Long-Term Declarative Memory since I always find it difficult to recall childhood and past year experiences and events without getting a few major details wrong.
Working memory is responsible for important qualities involving memory. “Working Memory is the thinking skill that focuses on memory-in-action: the ability to remember and use relevant information while in the middle of an activity.” It aids us by holding knowledge that we have learned long enough in order to put
Many of the memories that were remembered are usually previous childhood experiences. Dewhurst and Robinson (2004) conducted a study where 5, 8 and 11 year old children were tested on memory illusion. One of the procedures used to test false memories is the DRM paradigm. The DRM paradigm presents a list of words that include a critical word that is typically remembered although it was never presented. During the DRM procedure the children were given five lists that contained eight words. Each list consisted of at least one rhyme and a semantic theme. Each child was tested on their own by the classroom
This essay addresses the working memory model which was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974 in Smith & Kosslyn, 2007) as a response to Atkinson and Shiffrins (1968 in Smith, 2007) multi-store model. According to Baddely and Hitch the multi-store model failed to explain most of the complexities of the human memory and viewed it as being too simplistic. They argued that the short term memory store must have more components rather it being a single inflexible store as suggested previously by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968). The working memory model is therefore an enhancement of the multi store model. According to Baddeley and Hitch working memory is a limited- capacity system that stores and processes information.
Memory is a group of related mental processes that are involved in acquiring, storing, and retrieving information (Hockenberry and Hocenberry page 232). I will be addressing two specific types of memory: short-term memory and long-term memory. Short-term memory holds temporary information transferred from sensory memory or long-term memory. Sensory memory is the first stage of memory and obtains information for a brief amount of time. Short-term memory is also called active memory and is stored in the prefrontal cortex which is the most active part of the brain during an activity. Short-term memory can hold information for roughly twenty seconds, but sensory memory holds information for a shorter amount of time. We usually store things such
Do you ever wonder how our brains can remember so many things? Our minds are a lot like computers “we can draw on our past experiences in order to use this information in the present” (Sternberg, 1999). “Memory is a group of related mental processes that are involved inacquiring, storing, and retrieving information” (Psychology, page 228). “We have 3 main stages of memory our sensory memory, short- term memory, and long term memory.” I will be stating some interesting facts about each one. Beginning with our sensory memory, one of the facts I found from the book was that “The very brief time information is held in our sensory memory you “select,” or pay attention to, just a few aspects of all the environmental information that’sbeing registered
Chemically, the brain has a myriad of purposes, but one of the most interesting is its capability to process memory. The brain is able to fill in gaps in our vision and memory and store the information
The study of human memory has stirred many interests in research. The process of memory is encoding, storing, and retrieving information. Learning is aided by the ability to store newly formed memories for periods of time and recalling them when needed. One of the main components in memory is the short-term memory (STM), which is responsible for storing infor...
Declarative or explicit memory is the conscious retrieval of previous experiences and factual knowledge. The storage of knowledge in the brain is distributed among different brain regions and is accessed independently by different senses such as verbal, visual and sensory cues. Declarative memory is further divided into episodic and semantic memories (Graf and Schacter, 1985). These two forms of memories are consciously accessible.
The ability to remember and process information is called Working Memory. The usefulness of this memory cannot be overemphasized because of its innumerable benefits to human success and greatness. Improving our working memory influences and enhances every aspect (school, work, relationship, etc) of human life from childhood to death.
Long-term memory is how humans process in the present, recall information from the past, or think about the future. Without long-term memory one cannot remember past memories, today, or what we may plan to do in the future. On top of that, there is no learning without long-term memory and the progress that we see today in our fast pace driven world would not exist. This is why the study and understanding of long-term memory is important for further knowledge of human nature. The long-term memory itself takes in many different forms of information including images, sounds, and meaning. The orientation of memory encompasses three important stages and the first is encoding. Encoding takes places in different locations inside the brain and this
Short-term memory enables a person to remember conversation, events, and numbers and much more; nevertheless, when someone suffers short-term memory loss forgets many affairs but this type of forgetting is much more complex. Short-term memory means to stimulate memory that holds few information for a short period, such a dialing seven digits of a phone number, before the data is shorted or forgotten (Meyers, 2011). For example, when you are studying you look at the flash card for a brief 30 second and then you cover the card and try to recall information from the flash card. Our short-term memory helps store the information from the flashcard for a little period, but if we persistently practice this information then it transfers to the long-term memory. In contrast, when a person experiences short-term memory loss, then it signifies that...
Furthermore, the second feature of long-term memory is the declarative memory or the things that people
It is stated that memory is the process of maintaining information over time (Matlin, 2005). Memory is essential to all human lives. Without a memory of the past we cannot function in the present or think about or plan for the future. We would not be able to remember what we did yesterday, what we have done today or what we plan to do tomorrow. Also without the memory we would be able to develop or learn anything. The memory is responsible for the processing of huge amounts of information the information which takes different forms like images, sounds etc. Without the memory we would not be able to benefit from the previous experiences in our lives (B, Wood, 1977). The term memory covers three important aspects of information processing according to psychologists and these processes are namely encoding, storage and retrieval. According to William James there are two types of memory which are short term memory (STM) and long term memory (LTM).
Learning to tie shoes and ride a bike requires the encoding, storing, and retrieving of past observations of the procedure. With a lot of practice, children master these skills so well that they are able to remember them the rest of their lives. Memory is the storing of information over time. It is one of the most important concepts in learning; if things are not remembered, no learning can take place. As a process, memory refers to the "dynamic mechanism associated with the retention and retrieval of information about past experiences" (Sternberg 260). We use our memory about the past to help us understand the present. The study or memory in psychology is used in different ways, as well as there are many different ways to study how memory works in humans. In psychology there are many tasks used to measure memory, and different types of memory storages that human's use, such as sensory storing, or short term storing. There are also a lot of techniques that humans use to improve their memory, which they can use to learn, such as mnemonic devices. All these things can be classified as important issues in the study of human memory and ways of learning.
Short-term memory is a limited capacity storage that holds unpracticed information for approximately ten to twenty seconds. The short-term memory is only useful if you can rehearse the information uninterrupted until it can be reme mbered easily. This is demonstrated by the fact that if you have to remember an address or phone number, you have to repeat...