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Methodology of natural language processing
Natural language processing methodology
Natural language processing methodology
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1.4 Sentiment analysis
Sentiment analysis known also as polarity classification , subjectively analysis, opinion mining, affect analysis, its relishing field of study that that deal with people’s opinions, sentiment , emotions and attitudes about different entities such as products ,service ,individuals ,companies ,events and topics; and includes many fields like natural language process, machine learning, computational linguistic ,statistics, and artificial intelligence . it’s a set of computational and natural language techniques which could be leveraged in order to extract subject information in a given text .
The research of sentiment analysis appeared even earlier than 2003 where there also other researches in beliefs.[1] Research on
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For example the service review the task here is to determine that the review is positive, negative or neutral. In this level we looking for document as single entity.
Sentence level: the task at this level is limited to the sentences and their expressed opinions this level of analysis is very close to subjectivity classification and. specifically, this level determines whether each sentence expresses a positive, negative or neutral opinion.
3-Entity and aspect level: Instead of solely analyzing language constructs this level provides finer-grained analysis for each aspect(or feature) i.e., it directly looks at the opinions for different aspects itself. The aspect-level is more challenging than both document and sentence levels and consists of several sub-problems. It finds different available sentiment.
According to a new survey conducted by dimensional research, April 2013: 90% of customer dissections depends on online reviews. According to 2013 study 79%customer confidence is based on online personal recommendation
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Then classification is performed on the basis of similarity score of a class with respect to a neighbor.
2.1.2. Lexicon Based
Lexicon Based techniques work with respect to a suspicion that the aggregate extremity of a report or sentence is the total of polarities of the individual words or phrases.
In this research we are going through five steps to achieve the goals
1-Data Collection
Consumers usually express their sentiments on public forums, Social network sites like Twitter. Opinions and feelings are expressed in different way, with different vocabulary, context of writing, usage of short forms and slang, making the data huge and disorganized. Here we extract data from twitter, Manual analysis of sentiment data is virtually impossible. Therefore, python programming language is the best choice using tweepy library .to extract data you must have an account in twitter to use the twitter Application Program Interface (twitter API) which allows the user to reach twitter information as developer. By using twitter streaming API you can extract data from
First, a brief background in the three dimensions of language discussed throughout this paper. The functional, semantic, or thematic dimensions of language as previously mentioned are often used in parallel with each other. Due, to this fact it is important to be able to identify them as they take place and differentiate between these dimensions i...
Distinctively visual language and cinematic techniques highlight to the responder the particular literal and metaphorical experiences characters are faced with, within a text. Peter Goldsworthy’s novel Maestro, Don McLean’s song ‘Vincent’ and the intriguing film Australia by Baz Luhrrman, explore the ways in which the human experiences of an individual’s connection to landscape is fundamental in shaping one’s sense of identity, personal growth and development. Composers further explore the realisation that our lives can be enriched by an understanding and appreciation of art as well as a deeper understanding of the importance of love and lust. The depiction of characters is conveyed through distinctively visual images to highlight the subsequent development of courage and resilience leads responders to a deeper understanding of how human experiences can create a sense of individuality.
It is important to include cultural issues in the helping process to be more effective. We also need cultural competence because the U.S. is becoming more diverse. Therefore with diversity comes different beliefs, norms, and values. Eurocentric values dominate sciences and began cultural universals which puts the clash of dominate and non-dominate cultural behaviors in motion. In 1996 the NASW Code of Ethics increased the recognition of cultural competence. It is important to know diversity exist within ethnic and cultural groups because social workers need to know that relationships between helping professionals and clients may be strained. This happens because of the distrust between groups. Another important aspect is that the professional realizes their own values, biases, and beliefs. The reason for this is because they must value diversity to start with and understand the dynamics of difference. Culturally competent practitioners have to go through developmental process of using their own culture as a starting point to meet all behaviors. Striving for cultural competence is a long term process of development. The literature on cultural competence is theoretical and conceptual. They have not been evaluated in a systematic way. Roughly there are 2 million Native americans in the U.S. Which survive decimating disease, over-repressed in child welfare system, suffer from health problems, and are among the poorest people in the United States. Working with them clearly falls within the social work clearly mandate to serve vulnerable and oppressed clients. However, we do not know how many people from this group is actually receiving help from social workers. Even though it is important to train social workers to provide care in th...
The tone of a piece of literature is directly dependent upon the word choice with which it is written. Word choice factors into the development of an important idea in the text and how that idea is developed throughout the text. The type of word choice used impacts the way with which both the tone and important ideas are developed in writing. The tone of a piece of literature changes with the word choice of the writer of the piece. If the word choice of the writer conveys a certain feeling or emotion, whether it is happy or sad, the tone will be directly impacted by this and changed accordingly.
In order to understand linguistic intelligence it is important to understand the mechanisms that control speech and language. These mechanisms can be broken down into four major groups: speech generation (talking), speech comprehension (hearing), writing generation (writing), and writing comprehension (reading).
N-grams of text are extensively used in text mining and natural language processing tasks. They are basically a set of co-occurring words within a given window and when computing the n-gram we move forward. We can move X-words forward in more advanced scenarios. When N=1, it is referred as unigram, when N=2, it is bi-gram, when N=3, it is tri-gram. When N>3, it is 4-gram, 5-gram and so on.
2. Suppose that there are m classes, C1, C2... Cm. Given a tuple, X, the classifier will predict that X belongs to the class having the highest posterior probability, conditioned on X. That is, the naïve Bayesian classifier predicts that tuple X belongs to the class Ci if and only if
The original Taxonomy, Bloom developed six categories which included Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation and translated into more than 22 languages (Krathwohl, p. 213, 2002). Costa (1985) reduced the six categories to three levles: Level One—the basement or Introduction of knowledge; Level Two, the ground floor, Practice knowledge learned: and Level Three-the penthouse, Demonstrates mastery of knowledge learned.
Data mining with agricultural soil databases is a relatively young research area. In agricultural field, the determination of soil category mainly depends on the atmospheric conditions and different soil characteristics. Classification as an essential data mining technique used to develop models describing different soil classes. Such analysis can present us with a complete understanding of various soil databases at large. In our study, we proposed a novel Neuro-fuzzy classification based technique and applied it to large soil databases to find out significant relationships. We used our technique to three benchmark data sets from the UCI machine learning repository for soil categorization and they were namely Statlog (Landsat Satellite), Covertype, and 3 data sets. Our objective was to develop an efficient classification model with the proposed method and, therefore compare its performance with two well-known supervised classification algorithms Multilayer Perceptron and Support Vector Machine. We estimated the performance of these classification techniques in terms of different evaluation measures like Accuracy, Kappa statistic, True-Positive Rate, False-Positive Rate, Precision, Recall, and F-Measure. The proposed technique had an accuracy of 99.4 % with the Statlog data set, 97.7 % with the Covertype data set and 90 % with the 3 data set; and in every aspect, it performed better than Multilayer Perceptron and Support Vector Machine algorithms.
The readability of a text is determined by examining the whole text to measure such characteristics as sentence length and word frequency, characteristics that are highly related to overall reading comprehension. The word-frequency and sentence-length results are then entered into the Lexile equation to compute the Lexile measure of the book. Word frequency is based on the frequency of the word in a body of text of over 300-million words taken from a variety of sources and genres. Knowing the frequency of words, as they are used in writing and oral communication, provides the best means of increasing the likelihood that a reader would encounter a word and that it would become a part of their daily vocabulary. Sentence length is determined by counting the number of words per sentence.
Jurafsky, D. & Martin, J. H. (2009), Speech and Language Processing: International Version: an Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition, 2nd ed, Pearson Education Inc, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
The other part of computational linguistics is called applied computational linguistics which focuses on the practical outcome of modeling human language use. The methods, techniques, tools, and applications in this area are often subsumed under the term language engineering or (human language technology. The current computational linguistic systems are far from achieving human ability of communicating they have numerous applications. The goal for this is to eventually have a computer program that will have the same communication skills as a human being. Once this is achieved it will open doors never thought possible in computing. After all the major problem today with computing is communication with the computer. Today’s computers don’t really understand our language and it is very difficult to learn computer language, plus computer language doesn’t correspond to the structure of human thought.
At this level, the investigation specifically targets the linguistic dimension of discourse: phonological (stress, pitch, volume, intonation) or graphical structures (headlines, bold characters, layout); syntactic structures (word order, topicalization, clausal relations, split constructions); semantic structures (explicit vs. implicit, implications – insinuations, vagueness, presuppositions, allusions, symbolism, collective symbolism, figurativeness, metaphorism); pragmatics (intention, mood, opinion, perspective, relative distance); formal structures (idioms, sayings, clichés, set phrases, language patterns); logic and composition of the discourse (argumentation – strategy, types, cohesion,
Text linguistics is a “discipline which analyses the linguistic regularities and constitutive features of texts” (Bussmann, 1996: 1190). According to this definition, text linguistics is mainly concerned with studying the features that every piece of writing should have in order to be considered as a text. It is also defined by Noth (1977 in Al-Massri, 2013:33) as “the branch of linguistics in which the methods of linguistic analysis are extended to the level of text.” This means that text linguistics aims at producing rules and methods that can be used to analyze the whole text. This approach has been put forward by the two scholars Robert-Alain de Beaugrande and Wolfgang U. Dressler in their seminal book “Introduction to Text Linguistics”, in 1981. The study of texts in linguistic studies starts in
According to Biber, Conrad and Leech (2002), there are two types of adjectives namely central adjectives and peripheral adjectives. The characteristics of central adjectives consist of morphological, syntactical and semantic characteristics. For morphological characteristic of central adjectives, it changes the form of a word to express a grammatical