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Comparative study of religion
Comparative study of religion
Comparative study of religion
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Why was it significant that men like Söderblom and Otto argued for understanding religions on their own terms?
The significance of Söderblom's and Otto's work stems from how they approached religion with earnest and the methods used for comparing the various forms of religion. Unlike previous comparativists, both men sought to understand the various religions of the world on their own terms. Th purpose of this method was to reach out and attempt to seize the "richness" found within them. In doing so, they hoped to better grasp their forms as well as be able to explain them in a manner that could be recognizable to any religious adherent. However,this method does have its flaws. It does not allow for the addressing of elements that a religions
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In order to better understand these daily adherents, Otto theorized that symbols, metaphors, and figurative language were possible methods for conveying what word cannot. Otto would unify these various tools to develop the concept of ideograms. The ideogram allowed for a sort of false image that could temporally replace a concept that is too difficult to explain or wholly ineffable. Why this is important when speaking about religion is that the very concept of religion itself can be ineffable. Various depictions of gods and goddesses found throughout history range from simplistically mundane to stunningly incomprehensible. Take for instance Hinduism and Daoism. There are an astonishing amount of deities found within Hinduism and many have characteristics that are almost impossible to fully realize. With the help of ideograms, however, we can at the very least gain some insight as to whether the god is something within the realm of man or beyond it. With respect to Daoism, ideograms allow for the image of the dao to be better understood. The Dao is permanent, nameless, and exist entirely within a void of nothingness. It is empty, formless, and smooth for its emptiness gives it usefulness, its lack of distinction gives it possibilities and its smoothness prevents complete comprehension. The use of ideograms help make it intelligible through understanding specific areas and characteristics of the Dao that have no
“Religion Gives Meaning to Life” outlines how life is given meaning through theistic religion in Louis Pojman’s opinion. In this short reading, autonomy is described as in the meaning of freedom or self-governing and argues how it is necessary for ideal existence. By being honest and faithful with ourselves shows how we can increase our autonomy. “I think most of us would be willing to give up a few autonotoms for an enormous increase in happiness” (553) shows our willingness to practice good purpose.
As the world becomes increasingly more interconnected, differences among the many religions prove to be obstacles to the global society. In an effort to overcome these obstacles, religious authorities propose the essential sameness of all religions (that all religions point towards the same goal); however, this hypothesis oversimplifies all religions to an arbitrary base. On the other hand, Stephen Prothero’s, the author of God Is Not One, proposal for the acknowledgment of the differences preserves the multidimensional aspects of religions. By rejecting the hypothesis of a basic and similar structure of religion, Prothero allows for them to exist as complete entities; however, Prothero also creates false barriers that over differentiate religions.
Within mainstream society it seems as if there is not a great deal of emphasis on the contributions made by theologians in society, as well as contributions by theologians to religious thought. Particularly in Christendom, ecclesiastical assemblies are so consumed with vain ideas of worship, and content on hearing biblical messages that capitulate to their personal desires, that theological studies are often neglected. Yet the contributions theologians have made in society, and the impact these contributions have had on religious assemblies have been pivotal in guiding religious discourse on subjects such as ethics, morality, and social transformation. It is for this reason, that in this essay an attempt will be made to analyze three essays from three world-renowned theologians of the 20th century. The theologians are Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., and Walter Wink, all of which have produced the essays used for this analysis, and have written works that have completely challenged status quo religion, and changed the landscape of Christendom forever.
He was able to form a list of five world religions that were known “to gather a particularly large number of confessors (Masuzawa, 306)” This requirement allowed Hinduism and Confucianism to be considered world religions. This is in direct opposition to Otto Pfleiderer who chose to analyze the quality or the “intrinsic nature of the religion” as opposed to the number of followers (Masuzawa, 200). Based on the conditions set in place by the nineteenth-century scholars, what Weber believed to be world religions were, in fact, national religions. This shows that depending on the aspects of the religions chosen to be analyzed, religions could be considered either national or
Religions are broad in their scope of history, beliefs, and rituals, using many systems to support their individual ideologies. Rituals, such as baptism within Christianity and Judaism, are markers for the distinct values and meanings that are associated with specific doctrines, and can be viewed and interpreted in several different ways. Theorists often view religion with different outlooks, classifying the institution as having a social background or a cultural emphasis, such as what Clifford Geertz defined. Geertz focused on the importance of symbols in religion, their cultural perceptions, the meanings that are attributed to the act, and how it relates to the the society’s value systems. By applying his theory about religion as a culture to the baptismal ceremonies in Judaic and Christian religions, the ritual can be viewed as an important cultural symbol, signs of various cultural views, and as a reinforcement of an ethos.
...the transition between the two practices, where the Deists whom were once thought to be strict “rationalize” shifting into becoming “enthusiastic” and the Methodists whom were thought to be “enthusiastic” became more “rationalize”. As mention earlier, Deism may strictly seem as a rationalistic movement and Methodism as a totally enthusiastic, but both provided a lot of devotion and commitment to publicize addressing religious problems and liberated it from the four walls of the church. They used the benefit of the religious freedom that they gained in forming societies and organizations to further discourse and exercise alternative religious approaches. Even though they might not recognize that they have a lot in common, and claimed that one over another was unorthodox, but in the end they both sought to locate their religious belief based on their experience.
In the novel "Brave New World" civilized society lives in a world of science and technology. Major changes have occurred during the future; Utopia now revolves a religion of drugs and sex. God and the cross have been replaced by Ford and the symbol T, the founder of the age of machines. Instead of Sunday church, members now attend solidarity services where morals and tradition are not learned, but rather faith is taught in the belief of hallucinations produced by a substance known as "soma." Soma has effectively replaced the belief in a higher being by its elimination of problems and stress resulting in a lack of imagination , creativity, or "soul." Yet religion can still be found in today's society because of man's continuing need for answers to questions that cannot be solved by science or technology.
Religion can be described as a social institution built up around the idea of a supernatural being or beings, and the relation of human beings to them. In addition, religion provides individuals a belief to which they understand their existence as well network of emotional support during times of distress. Moreover, religious institutions provide individuals a proper perspective of life and establish values. Religion involves three major aspects: A conception of the nature and character of divinity (2) A set of principles concerning the duties and obligations between divinity and humanity. (3) A set of behavior patterns designed to conform to God’s will (Thorman, 154). The theme of panopticisim is to assert and maintain power by being unseen. In Christianity, God, unable to be to seen, is a supernatural being with infinite power. In addition, the Holy Bible reaffirms this power and establishes accordance among civilians. The social institution of religion is a form of a panoptic system where individuals are compelled to act accordingly.
In placing all importance in religious symbols, Geertz does not account for any social, historical, political or economical factors which may influences one’s life, world-view and belief system. Geertz essentially argues that religious symbols create belief, but Asad denies this, arguing instead that religious symbols only serve as a catalyst for belief. Thus, because social conditions will differ from culture to culture, Asad believes it is pointless to try and find common ground between all religions. Instead he insists that looking at historical facts, which may gives us an insight into the kind of institutions and ideologies were present at the time to allow a certain way of belief to become prominent, is the preferable way of studying
Eastman, Roger. The Ways of Religion: An Introduction to the Major Traditions. Third Edition. Oxford University Press. N.Y. 1999
On the Harmony of Religion and Philosophy gives us insight to the philosophical views of a certain sect of Islam, and how it influenced it 's followers to view the world around them. Although it is helpful, this is written from a very biased position and it cannot be said that the views of the author are the views of Muslim culture as a whole. There is a constant attack on another religious group throughout the article that helps us to understand what this specific sect deems right and wrong through comparison of the groups.
Religion was seen from the perspective of its impact on society and life. It was broken down into sacred and profane then beliefs and rites. He looks at the division of labor by looking at solidarity. He discusses two types of solidarity which are mechanical and organic solidarity.
The first chapter is about possible reasons why humans have felt the need to create religion, according to Freud, as humans became separate from wild animals, they felt the need to look into their past and attempt to discover their collective past and to predict where they will be in the future.
“In thinking about religion, it is easy to be confused about what it is.” (Smart, 1992) To combat this, Smart uses seven dimensions to define common characteristics of religion. Much of what will be explored will fit his dimensions. The practical and ritual dimension can been seen in all three religions through worship and rituals and patterns of behaviour. The latter are those acts that help the believer develop spiritual awareness or ethical insight, such as yoga or meditation in Buddhism and Hinduism. The experiential and emotional dimension of religion explains that religion feeds on human emotions and key events from history to illustrate this is, the enlightenment of the Buddha, or the visions of Muhammad. A person will not follow something without meaning or emotion driving it. The narrative or mythic dimension of religion refers to the use of story telling in religion. Typically, all faiths use stories to illustrate their beliefs or events in history, whether they might be of things to come, or like in this essay, stories of the Buddha, or Muhammad. The use of story telling is important as the stories are often based on accounts of history or documents that have been found. Story telling can enhance the believers faith and are often integrated into rituals. The doctrinal and philosophical dimension of religion talks about the importance of the holy books/ doctrines. Since the doctrines typically have an account of the leaders life, and the leaders are usually educated, believers read the doctrines to gain an insight into the leaders life; and thus strive to become more like them or abide by their teachings. The ethical and legal
When first looking at the relationship between philosophy and religion, I found it easier to explain the differences rather than the similarities. I began this paper the same way I do others. This generally involves a profound amount of research on the topic at hand. However, in contrast to the other papers I have done, the definitions of philosophy and religion only raised more questions for me. It was fascinating how the explanations differed dramatically from author to author.