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Development of agriculture essays
Development of agriculture essays
Development of agriculture essays
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Agriculture development is an essential for economic growth and rural development. Increase in agriculture productivity leads to the economic growth and create employment opportunity in rural area. While the state of rural infrastructure varies widely among developing countries, most lower-income developing countries suffer severe rural infrastructure deficiencies. Deficiencies in transportation, energy, telecommunication, and related infrastructure translate into poorly functioning domestic markets with little spatial and temporal integration.
Recent literature indicates the significant role played by rural infrastructure in improving agricultural productivity in developing economies. While the availability and quality of rural infrastructure
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The role of infrastructure factors in economic development is complex and indirect. The theoretical articulations of the effect of infrastructure on development are available in several models of development and studies of growth. The models of development which focus on agriculture also bring out the role that infrastructure plays in agriculture plays in agriculture development in particular.
The World Development Report (1994) points out the rural infrastructure leads to agricultural expansion by increasing yields, farmers’ access to markets and availability of institutional finance. The adequate quantity and quality of infrastructure are key factors in influencing ability of countries in global trade and can be instrumental in eradication of
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The investment pressure from infrastructure being a major source of the investment demand, in the Indian context, at the stage of development the country is in, productive or input type infrastructure power, irrigation, transport, telecommunication, banks will have to expand at a rate at least corresponding to the growth rate of the economy (Morris,
Agriculture plays an enormous part in having a functioning society. The farming fields in the
Making the right decisions is an ongoing struggle for man, because making decisions is never easy, and the wrong decision can lead to endless perils. Decisions must be made when dealing with power, loyalty, and trust. Yet, unlike other decisions, ones that are about these three fields are the most important, due to the risk involved, and because of the consequences that might follow.
...at small farms constitute 90 percent of the world’s farms and employment of 1.3 billion people. This dominates agriculture in developing countries because two-thirds of the 3 billion rural people in the world live off the income generated by farmers managing some 500 million small farms (Halberg & Müller, 2012, p.21). Additionally, there are benefits to land conservation for local communities that involves reduced environmental hazards, improvement of water quality from ground recharge, economic gains from agricultural production from exporting, and the natural settings that bring tourism generating the economy (McMahon & Urban, 2010 p.2). It is only through the awareness of this informational insight into the differences between community types and their transitions throughout time that the public can explore and discover economic incentives for rural communities.
This is necessary as the vast majority of individuals migrating from rural to urban centers has been steadily increasing with the level of economic growth seen within the past twenty years as mentioned earlier. Unfortunately, this situation has further shown the structural issues and inequalities of cities, as most migrants end up having a poor quality of life living in informal settlements as highlight substantially by Boo. As a means of tackling this, however, the Indian government has turned its focus on investing rural regions, developing the agricultural sector. Specifically, Boo mentions that “the prime minister, Manmohan Singh, had come down from Delhi to express his concern for the farmers’ hardships, and the central government’s determination to relieve it” (p. 138). While this is definitely important funds are not being divided justly. For starters, between rural and urban areas almost all investments are being targeting towards rural regions, which is only addressing issues of inequality in one section of the country. Furthermore, across rural areas inequalities of investment are quite often overlooked. Although, “one of the governments hopes was to stop villagers from abandoning their farms and further inundating cities like Mumbai, but Asha’s relatives knew nothing of these celebrated relief programs” (p. 138). Therefore, even though
The developed world’s love affair with local/organic farming (peasant farming as Collier describes it) has decreased food production worldwide because it does not use the land efficiently enough as with commercial agriculture companies. It also requires government subsidies that large commercial farming companies do not necessarily need. By increasing commercial farming, the world food supply will inevitably increase over a short period.
In order to come to a conclusion as to which processes were the most important in leading to the development of agriculture it is necessary to compare and contrast examples from various regions of the world. I have chosen to concentrate on Southwest Asia (particularly the Levant area), North America and East Asia. The processes discussed include the influence of climate change and the tendency towards a sedentary lifestyle amongst hunter-gatherer groups. Also the settling in small communities for longer periods in areas conducive to farming, the development of year round settlements into villages and the construction of ritual or communal sites which indicate advanced organisation of people. The beginnings of symbolism and cognitive behaviour may also contribute to the development of agriculture.
Unfortunately, in Pakistan farmers are poor and they have low level of incomes. Agriculture credit facilities are not common and easily available. Inadequate loan, high interest rate and untimely availability impact adversely crop productivity. That’s why poor farmers borrow from landlords and middlemen in Pakistan. It has been estimated that 50.8% farmers borrow from landlords at high interest rate (Khan 2012). In Pakistan, small farmers having 2 ha of land generally do not get credit facilities therefore they are unable to use the quality inputs. In this way, they get low crop yields. Limited availability of financing credits results in low agriculture productivity (Planning Commission
As agriculture has become more intensive, farmers have become capable of producing higher yields using less labour and less land. Growth of the agriculture has not, however, been an unmixed blessing. It, like every other thing, has its pros and cons. Topsoil depletion, groundwater contamination, the decline of family farms, continued neglect of the living and working conditions for farm labourers, increasing costs of production, and the disintegration of economic and social conditions in rural communities. These are the cons of the new improved agriculture.
Economic development is fundamentally about enhancing the factors of productive capacity, such as land, labor, capital, and technology, of a national, state, or local economy, as stated by the U.S. Economic Development Administration. Economic development influences growth and restructuring of an economy to enhance economic well-being. We experience economic growth when our standard of living is rising. Rather than being a simplistic process, economic development typically is a range of influences aimed at achieving objectives like creating jobs and wealth and improving the quality of life. It incorporates coordinated initiatives targeted at expanding infrastructure and increasing the volume and/or quality of goods and services produced by a community. A common measure of economic development is a country’s gross national ...
Economic development has a direct relationship with the environment. Whereas economic development is a policy intervention endeavour with aims of economic and social well-being of the people, economic growth is a phenomenon of market productivity and rise in GDP. According to them, the first chain consists of economic growth benefiting human development, since economic growth is likely to lead families and individuals to use their heightened incomes to increase expenditures, which in turn furthers human development. At the same time, with the increased consumption and spending, health, education and infrastructure, systems grow and contribute to economic growth.
However, South Africa is not rich in agricultural resources; rather it has low rainfall, impoverishment and greater susceptibility of vegetation to drought, resulting in soil degradation. Soil degradation is also caused by excessive fuel wood collection, inappropriate land use, population density and overgrazing. Rural areas lack good roads and bridges, small-scale irrigation systems, post-harvest storage facilities, processing and market facilities, clinics, electricity and telecommunication facilities, and also have poor financial markets. As a result, the poor find it difficult to cope with risks of various sorts and cannot afford to purchase important inputs such as fertilizer, chemicals and farm machinery. Globalization There is an increased competition for South Africa’s agricultural products both on export markets and locally.
...may be greater access to education in urban areas where there are more people, which maximizes the effects. However, such an approach does not attend to people living in rural areas, who are repeatedly neglected, constituting a major oversight. In this case, using both the tools of HD and ED permits development practitioners to assess the situation on the ground in a more comprehensive manner and tailor programs to meet the needs of different groups. Cases like this abound; Sen (1999) presents the example of Kerala, which reduced income poverty with only moderate economic growth, owing to expansion of health care programs and more equitable land distribution (p. 31). Here, equal access to land, stimulates more opportunities and the alleviation of income poverty removes some constraints on capabilities, allowing people to make use of the opportunities they are given.
...earch and extension, rural infrastructure, and market access for small farmers. Rural investments have been sorely neglected in recent decades, and now is the time to reverse this trend. Farmers in many developing countries are operating in an environment of inadequate infrastructure like roads, electricity, and communications; poor soils; lack of storage and processing capacity; and little or no access to agricultural technologies that could increase their profits and improve their livelihoods. Recent unrest over food prices in a number of countries may tempt policymakers to put the interests of urban consumers over those of rural people, including farmers, but this approach would be shortsighted and counterproductive. Given the scale of investment needed, aid donors should also expand development assistance to agriculture, rural services, and science and technology.
Due to rural-urban migration, there has been increasing levels of poverty and depopulation in rural areas. This is one of the reasons why the government has seen it as necessary and made it a priority to improve the lives of the people who live in rural areas. Rural development is about enabling people in the rural areas take charge of their destiny. This is through the use and management of the natural resources they are exposed to. This is a process through which people learn over time and they use this knowledge to adapt to the changing world. The purpose of rural development is to improve the lives of people living in the rural areas.
Most of the affected war countries around the globe lack adequate store rooms, dependable water for farming, vegetation 's, good roads and proper way of preserving food for the people. Excellent preservation of the agricultural lands, plant and farm animals can bring a positive change in the farming systems. Most of the developing countries support only a little attention to agriculture, but they rather focus mainly on foreign goods that will earn them quick money. Agricultural investment reduces hunger and poverty than any other sectors in many countries. Investing more in the agriculture sector in most of the rural communities will reduce the number of people moving from the countryside to the cities. "The percentage of donor aid going towards agriculture dropped from 17 percent to 3.8 percent between 1980 and 2006, with only slight improvement in numbers over the last three years" (Diouf). There are plenty of fertile lands that supports plants growth but because less attention has been given to the agricultural sector, more than one million people go to bed without food. FAO "estimates that an increase of nearly $36 billion yearly will be needed for poor countries to develop the necessary infrastructure for food production" (Camacho). The agricultural sector needs more attention from the NGO 's, and the government as Buffet is giving out $3 billion to change farming and food. By