Viscometers are equipments used to measure samples of substances. They are made differently and each measures the viscosity of a given fluid in a unique way. throughout the project, the rotational viscometer is discussed in details relating to how different fluids behave, their viscosity and ability to work as well as their effects in engineering field. The torque required to effectively turn the spindle is measured by using a rotational viscometer. The rotational viscometers work under different mechanics depending on thier design and the fluid in which they are used. On the other side, the importance of fluids having different properties will be looked at from the field of engineering perspective by relating the viscosity of different fluids to the ability to work.
The project covers in detail the properties of selected fluids, how thier viscosity is affected by the properties and any other effect of viscosity on other factors. At last, after knowing the importance of fluid properties in relation to engieneering, various equipments different in design and workability are discussed, followed by the positive thought on engineering and properties of fluids.
Why properties of fluids are important.
A fluid can be either a liquid or a gas and understanding its properties enables the understanding of their expected behaivor under different environmental conditoins. A fluid flows or deforms under an applied shear force and in most cases tend to occupy and take the shape of the container in which they are put. In every field of engineering, aspects of deep thinking and calculations are evident aimed at ascertaining the real conditions under which the different fluids can work to determine the right fluid to be used in a given section of...
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...he manometers and presure gauges used include: the piston gauges that serve to balance the fluid’s pressure with that of the spring. The hydrostatic gauges like the mercury column manometer is used to compare the pressure to hydrostatic force in a given unit area. This occurs at the base of the fluid’s column. The hydrostatic gauges have very poor dynamic respnse though they are independent of the type of liquid measured. The liquid column gauge comprises of a liquid in a verticle column with ends exposed to varrying pressures. The column rises or falls until the force applied is at equilbrium with the differentila pressure between the two nends of the tube. In measuring the pressure of a liquid using the liquid column, the fluid under measurement must not be flowing for a static measured pressure.
Works Cited
m.k(2009). rotational viscometer. britain bublishers
Compared to the linear peristaltic pump and rotary peristaltic pump, the 360 degree peristaltic pump runs more slowly at the same performance. As a result, the hoses will have longer lifetime which is economic. Furthermore, the 360 degree peristaltic pump produces less friction due to the unique structure, and therefore less thermal. Especially, the 360 degree peristaltic pump has only a single compression per rotation while the ordinary pumps with numerous shoes or rollers have at least two or more compression per revolution. This means that the design of the 360 degree pump will prolong the lifetime of the tube. At the same size, this design will generate more flow volume (55%) at the same
...he principle numbers of Froude, Reynolds and Weber. Mathematical model predicts the heat and mass transfer in numerical framework for both transports phenomena of relevance to the industry continuous casting tundish system. Additionally, it has an excellent agreement outlet temperature respond the step input temperatures in the inlet stream of water in the tundish model. The simulations of 8x8 grid and 16x16 grid are applied to obtain significant difference between the TAV maps in which both grids are computed by software represent the specific flow of the fluid in the model and the steel caster as the actual size system. Therefore, the physical and mathematical modeling is used as a guidance to build a model before the prototype is constructed in terms of calculation, measurement and determination of specific fluid flow, heat and mass transfer in the water model.
The viscosity of the corn syrup, measured in seconds it takes for an iron ball to move downwards in the fluid.
The evolution of a fluid (gas) can also be described by the exact dynamics of the individual particles that constitutes the fluid (gas) in terms of Newton equations. However, this is complicated in the sense that in order to compute the time evolution of the fluid, one will have to solve a system of 6N first order differential equations with 6N unknowns constituting the position and velocity vectors. A perquisite for this computation is the knowledge of 6N initial
This law, known as Gay-Lussac’s law, observes the relationship between the pressure and temperature of a gas. Contrary to its name, this relationship was actually discovered by French scientific instrument inventor and physicist Guillaume Amontons, and is occasionally referred to Amontons’ Law of Pressure-Temperature. While Guy-Lussac did explore the temperature-pressure relationship, Guy-Lussac’s law is usually used to refer to the law of combining volumes. Amontons stubble across this relationship when he was building an “air thermometer.” Although not many have been able identify his exact method of experimentation, later scientist developed an apparatus in which consisted of pressure gauge and a metal sphere. These two pieces were then attached and submerged in solutions of varying temperatures. From Amontons’ and Guy-Lussac’s research and experimentation, they determined that pressure and volume had direct relationship; as one increased, the other increased. The quotient of pressure and temperature was then found to equal a constant, in which just like Boyle’s law, could be used to find one of the two variables at another pressure or temperature, given one of the variables and that the other conditions remain the same. Instead of using various solutions at different temperatures like in the experiment describe above, many experiments today utilize a solution in which the temperature is increased or decrease, such as in the following
This is related to the blending of the fluids and rocks of the reservoir. Skeletal properties of interest to reservoir engineers include porosity, pore size distribution, compressibility, and absolute permeability of the rod. Interaction or dynamic properties of reservoir rocks are affected by the nature and by its interaction with present fluids, as...
Normally, emulsified water is generally present in crude oil as a result of the mixing occurring during production operations and referred to as oil field emulsion. This emulsion can be encountered at numerous stages include during drilling, producing, transporting and processing of crude oil. However, the formation of emulsion creates problems in oil field industry. They might increase the cost of production and also transportation; accumulate in the refinery tank age, pipeline corrosion, equipment failure, plugged pipeline. For economic and operational reasons, it is necessary to remove water completely from the crude oil emulsion before refining and transporting those. In order to separate the water content of the produced crude oils, the emulsions have to be broken through demulsification process.
The equipment they are using was not originally designed for the lower viscosity of Greasex.
Although, hydraulics are known to be used as far back as the Hellenistic age, the Proper named father of hydraulics is William George Armstrong. Hydraulics systems work in a very simple and easy to understand way. Force that is applied at one point is transmitted to another point using an incompressible fluid. When Force acts on a small area it can create a much larger force by acting on a larger area by virtue of hydrostatic pressure, Allowing large amounts of energy to be carried by a small flow of highly pressurized fluid. The benefit of a hydraulic system is that force multiplication/division can easily be added to the system.Often times a hydraulic system uses some type of oil although other fluids can be used.
Viscosity plays a big factor in large companies manufacturing foods that are placed in our grocery stores. While the process of making the products they are controlled and measured so every
The effect of Temperature of liquid on flow rate. - the effect of Temperature on liquid flow (turbulent/laminar) 3) The effect of the Vertical height between source and destination of the fluid on flow rate. - the effect of Vertical height on liquid flow (turbulent/laminar) 4) The effect of the Liquid's Viscosity/Density on flow rate.
... model for the thermodynamics and fluid mechanics calculations for this system need to be presented.
Suction and lift are paramount contemplations when pumping liquids. Suction is the vertical separation between the liquid to be pumped and the core of the pump, while lift is the vertical separation between the pump and the conveyance point. The profundity from which a hand pump will suck is restricted by air weight to a working profundity of less than 7 meters. The depth to which a hand pump will lift is administered by the capacity of the pump and the driver to lift the weight in t...
The fluids which obey the Newton’s law of viscosity i.e. a linear relationship between the stress tensor and rate of strain tensor(τ=μ du/dy ), are called Newtonian fluids. These fluids are represented by a straight line on a graph between the components of shearing stress and rate of strain. The slope of line is represented by material constant μ i.e. coefficient of viscosity. In general this constant is a function of material properties like temperature and density. For such fluids, μ does not change with rate of deformation.
Ultrasonic is the universally accepted technique to study the physico-chemical properties of the liquids, liquid mixtures, electrolytic solutions and polymeric solutions. Liquids, liquid-mixtures and solutions find wide applications in medical, pharmaceutical, chemical, lather, textile, nuclear and solvent, solution related industries. The study and understanding of the thermodynamic properties of liquid mixtures and solutions are more essential for their applications in these industries. The measurements of ultrasonic velocity in the combination of density and viscosity have been used to study the molecular interactions in liquid mixtures and solutions.