Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
Respond essay on scientific method
Respond essay on scientific method
Respond essay on scientific method
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: Respond essay on scientific method
For a network of interacting academics and experts, it is important that we are able to reach certain conclusions based on our common judgement, and constantly refine the existing knowledge in the light of new evidence and research. Ultimately, we should end up with knowledge that can be considered to be robust. Robust knowledge can be defined in terms of the validity, consistency and applicability of particular kind of knowledge. Therefore, robust knowledge often includes the conventions and methodologies that underline the basic foundation of a field. For different areas of knowledge, we seem to have certain qualifications or requirements for knowledge to be considered as “robust”. The word “requires” means that it is absolutely necessary …show more content…
Robust scientific knowledge is universally accepted by the majority of the people and should withstand the test of falsification. Karl Popper believed that the best way to test whether a theory is valid, is by attempting to find evidence that falsifies or refutes it. In the natural sciences, the scientific method is often regarded as the most effective way to investigate the natural world. Karl Popper claimed that the scientific method is based on the assumption that we can observe our world without any preconceived notions. On the contrary, in the arts, robust knowledge may exist in the form of conventions related to texture, composition, palette and technique, but it is sometimes difficult to interpret whether the art is robust due to the subjective nature and approach of the …show more content…
Without agreement in the first place, we would not be able refer to the common foundation and basic facts that should be established before any further discussion of justification. Natural science includes models that may contradict with real life, and may not be applicable to our world. However, models are important in the natural sciences, even though those models may not necessarily be the most accurate representation of the specific physical phenomena. These models are continuously refined when more is discovered about the current phenomena, and these models are then updated in the light of new evidence. This then raises the question of whether models that we know may be inaccurate are considered as a part of robust knowledge. Models are simplified versions of our common reality in order to understand fundamental ideas on the most basic level and to make better sense of the world surrounds us. Models are nonetheless useful for us, because it allows us to picture complicated physical phenomena and use a much simpler model to depict our observation through sense perception. For example, the Newton´s first law states that an object will stay in motion unless there is an opposing force acting upon it. We know that this theory, only work when there is not friction or air resistance. However, when using models we sacrifice accuracy for the sake of simplicity. In
Any hypothesis, Gould says, begins with the collection of facts. In this early stage of a theory development bad science leads nowhere, since it contains either little or contradicting evidence. On the other hand, Gould suggests, testable proposals are accepted temporarily, furthermore, new collected facts confirm a hypothesis. That is how good science works. It is self-correcting and self-developing with the flow of time: new information improves a good theory and makes it more precise. Finally, good hypotheses create logical relations to other subjects and contribute to their expansion.
...concrete theories and empirical truths, no matter how factual, that we may attempt to use
... a theory should be able to explain a wide variety of things, not just only what it was intended to explain.
How we approach the question of knowledge is pivotal. If the definition of knowledge is a necessary truth, then we should aim for a real definition for theoretical and practical knowledge. Methodology examines the purpose for the definition and how we arrived to it. The reader is now aware of the various ways to dissect what knowledge is. This entails the possibility of knowledge being a set of truths; from which it follows that one cannot possibly give a single definition. The definition given must therefore satisfy certain desiderata , while being strong enough to demonstrate clarity without losing the reader. If we base our definition on every counter-example that disproves our original definition then it becomes ad hoc. This is the case for our current defini...
The unificationist account of explanation and the notion of ad hoc-ness as posited by Popper are very similar concepts, but there is a nuance between the two that is worth explaining. Although both notions seem to show why we choose certain explanatory theories over others, they differ in that the model of unification shows us what type of theory we should accept, while Popper’s notion of ad hoc-ness shows us what type of theory to reject. Together, these concepts help us better understand the explanatory model of unification which leads us to a better understanding of why we are inclined to accept certain scientific theories over others. In this paper, I will attempt to show that falsifying theories based on Popper’s ad hoc-ness criteria strengthens the idea of unification by giving people a more specific way of eliminating competing scientific theories in search of the most unified one. First, I will briefly describe the unificationist account of explanation, then I will explain the idea of ad hoc-ness as laid out by Popper, and finally I will show how ad hoc-ness can be used to strengthen the account of unification by means of increasing its objectivity and by providing simpler explanations.
In every field of study that exists, experts research, test, and reach conclusions; later they often debate, their ideas clashing to see which holds the most merit and which is the best to continue researching. This is the basis of our understandings, turning the personal knowledge of experts into shared knowledge that can be used to better the lives of everyone, and this comes from the disagreements in our Areas of Knowledge (AoKs). Before we delve further, we need to define some terms. Facts are understood as something that is the case, or as information that makes a sentence true. Experts are understood to be people that possess a significant amount of knowledge in an area at a greater level than the general public, and discipline is understood
Initial answer: My initial answer is to the question of whether scientific knowledge should be based on observations is yes, observations are to be the basis of all scientific knowledge.
Since the mid-20th century, a central debate in the philosophy of science is the role of epistemic values when evaluating its bearing in scientific reasoning and method. In 1953, Richard Rudner published an influential article whose principal argument and title were “The Scientist Qua Scientist Makes Value Judgments” (Rudner 1-6). Rudner proposed that non-epistemic values are characteristically required when making inductive assertions on the rationalization of scientific hypotheses. This paper aims to explore Rudner’s arguments and Isaac Levi’s critique on his claims. Through objections to Levi’s dispute for value free ideal and highlighting the importance of non-epistemic values within the tenets and model development and in science and engineering,
In addition to logical consistency, testability is an important piece when evaluating a theory. According to Akers & Sellers (2013), “a theory must be testable by objective, repeatable evidence” (p.5); thus, if the theory is not testable then it has no scientific value. There are several reasons why a theory might not be testable; such as its concepts may not be observable or reportable events and tautology. Tautology refers to a statement or hypothesis that is tr...
Research Demonstration: The False Consensus Effect In science, we emphasize systematic, careful observation as a key to overcoming the limits of other methods of acquiring knowledge. That is, we trust systematic observation more than we trust our own intuition. We can actually investigate this issue. The following description provides you with the details necessary to conduct a simple study to investigate the accuracy of human intuition. We often believe that others are more like ourselves than they really are.
This essay aims to discuss the problems of the common view of science which was presented by Alan Chalmers by Popperian's view and my personal opinions. Chalmers gives his opinion about what science is and the judgment will be made in this essay through the Popperian hypothetico-deductive and my arguments will be presented in this essay. Popperian is an important philosopher of science who developed hypothetico-deductive method, which is also known as falsificationism. In my opinion, I disagree Chlamer points of view of science and this will be present in essay later. I will restrict my arguments into three parts due to the word limitation. Three aspects will be discussed in this essay: justifying the view through the Popper's view, my agreement about the Popper's objections and additional personal opinions.
...feasibility' and 'Causal' theories, and knowledge as 'warranted true belief' require us to take a certain 'leap of faith' when considering the question of knowledge at times. In order to avoid scepticism, I hold that knowledge does not necessarily need to be infallible, but rather probable. This does not mean that a proposition does not need to be true, it means that something we hold as knowledge is not one which is beyond reasonable doubt, but one which it wouldn't make sense to doubt. Yes, we have an obligation to avoid doxastic errors by reflecting on our belief-forming processes and by adjusting them in pursuit of reliability, but we also need to make a reasonable link between reality and truth to the extent that a proposition becomes senseless to doubt. So, although Gettier problems may be inescapable, this does not mean we are starved of knowledge completely.
The quest for the absolute truth and knowledge is an unending and tiresome process in which we set out to confirm answers to questions, statement, problems, aspects of life, and theories, which are apparent in our society. The use of models as learning tools is a rudimentary and greatly helpful in understanding and answering questions. Models are fundamental in our search for knowledge as they simplify ideas to be easily interpreted by masses of populations. Being just a representation models are usually more simple then the actual concept or idea itself, this leads to the model hindering us in our search for knowledge. Models provide us with capacity to comprehend and carry out a valid assessments for real life situations, in both social sciences and natural sciences, but they all come with their hinderances to knowledge claims.
Moritz Schlick believed the all important attempts at establishing a theory of knowledge grow out of the doubt of the certainty of human knowledge. This problem originates in the wish for absolute certainty. A very important idea is the concept of "protocol statements", which are "...statements which express the facts with absolute simplicity, without any moulding, alteration, or addition, in whose elaboration every science consists, and which precede all knowing, every judgment regarding the world." (1) It makes no sense to speak of uncertain facts, only assertions and our knowledge can be uncertain. If we succeed therefore in expressing the raw facts in protocol statements without any contamination, these appear to be the absolutely indubitable starting points of all knowledge. They are again abandoned, but they constitute a firm basis "...to which all our cognitions owe whatever validity they may possess." (2) Math is stated indirectly into protocol statements which are resolved into definite protocol statements which one could formulate exactly, in principle, but with tremendous effort. Knowledge in life and science in some sense begins with confirmation of facts, and the protocol statements stand at the beginning of science. In the event that protocol statements would be distinguished by definite logical properties, structure, position in the system of science, and one would be confronted with the task of actually specifying these properties. We fin...
To consider a theory as truthful, it must be convincing which means the theory must stand the challenges that may occur such as persuading people for it being true, without any questioning about its value. Every individual will be convinced in a different type of way on different levels. For example, when one considers the large influence of media on our society today, some may think the news is as accurate as possible, and think every thing that is said must definitely be true. Only very basic descriptions and explanations may be required to convince someone that something is true or not. For others, detailed explanations with supporting facts may have to be provided, for them to believe what they hear, even if the theory is completely accurate. Another factor that is relevant is whether the individual is influenced by their subconscious tend or their intuition, this means whether they want to believe in the theory or not. Emotional bases and using reasoning are another two factors that may influence our beliefs. When looking at natural science, emotion does not play a large role, but rather reasoning because natural science is based on facts rather than individual interpretatio...