Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
Factors affecting criminal behaviour
Merton anomie theory essay
Social theories of criminal behavior
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: Factors affecting criminal behaviour
Robert Merton’s theory of anomie explains organized crime in the sense that when there is a lack of moral obligation in society, individuals tend to turn to whatever means necessary to reach their goals. Organized crime provides the perfect outlet for individuals to work together for the purpose of collective success between the primary members involved. These situations are especially prevalent when certain groups feel that the current society has created a case where they are unlikely to succeed through traditional, ethical means. For example, as the text states, immigrants coming to the united states in the nineteenth century realized that success would be difficult for them to achieve; therefore, organized crime became increasingly prevalent
Merton recognised that individuals receive messages from society, which set acceptable behaviours to follow. He noted that a majority of citizens abide the acceptable behaviours, though there are numerous pressures that associate with the American Dream and the importance of the economy, which leads individuals to participate in deviant behaviours. Merton associated criminality and deviance with the American Dream goals, and how people attempt to achieve them, particularly the wealth component (Murphy & Robertson, 2008). Merton argued in 1938 that within unbalanced societies, the discrepancy between success goals and the endorsement of the means to achieve the goals, combined with limited opportunities manufactured the state of anomie. Further, Merton suggested that the anomic conditions in society were likely to tempt strain upon individuals, forming criminal behaviour adaptations. Particularly, the strain theory emphasised that those with high monetary aspirations are likely to innovate, resorting to unlawful activities, with the desire to channel success (Antonaccio, Gostjev & Smith, 2014). The strain theory connects to social causes, linking criminality with selfishness and egoism as the desire to
The social deviance anomie theory also known as strain theory is defined as means to an end. This means that if the goals that society holds for people are unreachable individuals may turn to illegitimate ways of getting there. Throughout this paper I will provide details as to why we should use anomie theory when defining deviance among brothel workers presented in Brothel Mustang Ranch and its Women written by Alexa Albert.
This can be applied to American society, where the society may lean too heavily towards either of these social structures. This can then create stress where stressing over goals mean that any form of achieving them becomes acceptable. Merton was more interested on the overemphasis on goals and how that may have generated antisocial behavior. This behavior arises when the expectation that all members of society should exhibit success but run into restrictions on legitimate means to succeed. He says that the cult of success can create illegitimate means because the violator knows the rules of the game, but the validation of success outweighs the weak imperative to play by the rules. He states, “…Crime… [And] the entire catalogue of proscribed behavior, becomes increasingly common when the emphasis on the culturally induced success-goal becomes divorced from a coordinated institutional emphasis” (Merton 675-676). This is shown in the Crips and Bloods documentary because the individuals in both gangs know what they do is wrong, such as dealing drugs, but they still need to be successful by having money and having good appearance by dressing nicely. It is difficult for them to go by the rules when at one point, the whites did not give them
In the year 1786, at the pressing invitation of his friend, Colonel Howard, he removed from Annapolis to Baltimore. By this gentleman, he was generously presented with a square of ten lots of land, upon a spot in which he erected a house, in which he lived until his death. On his removal from Annapolis, the corporation of that city tendered to him the expressions of their respect, in the following address: "Sir, the mayor, aldermen, and common councilmen of the city of Annapolis, impressed with a due sense of the services rendered to this corporation by you, in the capacity of recorder thereof, do take this occasion to assure you of their entire approbation of your conduct in the performance of the duties of that trust, and to acknowledge your ready exertion, at all times, to promote the interest and welfare of this city, They sincerely regret the occasion of this address, as your removal from the city of Annapolis will deprive this body of a faithful and able officer, and the city of a valuable citizen. You have our warmest wishes for your happiness and welfare.''
Over the past 60 years there has been a recent phenomenon in the development and rise of gangs and gang violence. This is exceptionally apparent in South Central Los Angeles where the Bloods and the Crips have taken control of the social structure and created a new type of counter culture. Poverty in this area is an enormous problem caused by a shear lack of jobs; but just because there is a lack of jobs doesn’t mean that there will be a lack of bills to pay, so sometimes selling drugs in order to keep a roof over your head seems like the most logical option. Crime often times flourishes in these regions because the inconvenient truth is; crime pays. Senator Tom Hayden stated “It’s been defined as a crime problem and a gang problem but it’s really an issue of no work and dysfunctional schools.” this statement is in fact true, but with an exception it is a more broad issue than just involving school, and lack of jobs but goes beyond into social structure as a whole and more specifically the judicial system, this can all be supported by three sociologists Chambliss, Anderson, and Durkheim.
Based on Durkheim’s theory of anomie (1893), Merton developed his theory of deviance within a social structural framework. Merton’s view on the subject is that goal-expectation discrepancies, together with social stratification creates strain among disadvantaged populations in turn leading them to use any means necessary, such as criminal, in order to achieve culturally-defined goals (Merton, 1938). Merton stated that deviance was a product of discrepancy between social goals and the legitimate means to achieve these goals (Smith & Bohm, 2008). Merton created a typology of deviance (Conformity, Innovation, Ritualism, and Retreatism, and Rebellion) depending on how di...
Merton primarily focuses on the materialistic goals all Americans are exposed to regardless of their position in society. The structure of society puts enormous pressure on people thus generating deviance. It also emphasizes certain means to attain the goals. Anomie occurs when there’s a breakdown of social norms and they are no longer present in society. This is known as normlessness. Merton suggests that anomie is the strain in the individual when norms conflict with society. Under norm conditions, crime and deviance increases. Norms and values govern people. In every society, there are values, goals and aspirations that are taught to the members. There are two phases of social structure. The first being the agreed upon goals that all the members should have
Merton, R. (2011). Social Structure and Anomie. In F. T. Cullen & R. Agnew (Authors), Criminological theory: past to present : essential readings. New York: Oxford University Press.
It is exceedingly high relative to its industrialized status and other nations (Maume & Lee 2003). Robert Merton looked into this and developed classical-anomie theory. The basis of this theory states that crime is not only stem from the individual, but also from the society itself. As stated by Schoepfer and Piquero, America’s culture is founded in Universalism (2007). Universalism is the drive for success that is usually revolved around material objects. Malaysia is also becoming a more industrialized, materialistic culture, and because of this, it has seen a significant rise in crime (Teh 2009). Merton also agreed that there were strains in American society and that the idea of the American Dream and how it actually works, along with other social structures, is a reason there is crime in this country (Maume & Lee 2003). Since the creation of Merton’s Anomie theory, it has undergone several changes and additions. Cloward and Ohlin added to his theory on what happens with youth violence in gangs in urban areas (Messner & Rosenfeld 2007). While this theory has gained favor since the 1980s on, Messner & Rosenfeld felt that it was incomplete; they state that Merton looked over the institutional structure of the society and went on to make their own version known as Institutional-Anomie theory (2007). Institutional Anomie theory take a close look at the economic, political, educational, and
Analyzing human obligation pertaining to all that is not man made, apart from humans, we discover an assortment of concerns, some of which have been voiced by philosophers such as Tom Regan, Peter Singer and Aldo Leopold. Environmentally ethical ideals hold a broad spectrum of perspectives that, not only attempt to identify a problem, but also focus on how that problem is addressed through determining what is right and wrong.
Robert Capa Robert Capa was born in Budapest, Hungary in 1913. Robert Capa is best known for his photographs during the war. Known for obtaining photos taken during a war that show what it is like to be in a war. Showing things like the hardships that soldiers have to endure and the suffering of people whose homes and cities were destroyed as a result of war. His photos are divided into three categories: images of battle, images of the effect of war on individual soldiers and civilians, and the images of peace.
Anomie and social disorganization theory are reasoning as why individual turn to crimes. The focus is on the macro level (anomie) and micro level (social disorganization theory) of external environmental factors contributing to criminal behaviors. I think social disorganization theory is more beneficial in deterring crimes. It is more manageable to transform a neighborhood or concentrated area than a societal norm. The movement will require equivocal amount of resources with noticeable. By influencing changes at the micro level, as individual transition out of the area, they can impinge a positive attitude in a new environment. As numerous changes occurs on the micro level, it will eventually metamorphose into the macro level.
Anomie is a theory that was first introduced in 1983 by the French sociologist ‘Emile Durkheim. His theory would help us to understand why many individuals turn to crime. It mostly concentrated on the lower class but can also be seen in the middle class. Apart from Durkheim, otherwise known as the father of sociology, there are other sociologists who have their own theory of anomie. Robert. K. Merton, an American sociologist, though argued by many that his understanding of anomie is identical to Durkheim’s, he himself insists otherwise. Society hates criminals, but Durkheim believed that crime plays a major part in keeping society balanced. That crime is surrounded by significant circumstances and that it is necessary for the development of ethics and law. However, although he thought crime was necessary, he didn’t suggest that crime is acceptable.
This study sets apart from others because the sole purpose of this study is to falsify Merton’s Macro-level anomie theory of crime. Similar to other studies, Chamlin and Sanders also use a sample of 43 national-states that participated in EVS (European Values Study) (2013). They sample nation-states because it recognizes variations in the acceptance of values relating to material success are most likely to occur at the societal level of spatial aggregation (Chamlin & Sanders, 2013). Showing how cultural success or goals occur within all of society. In this study the researchers also gather data from UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime), they ask interviewees questions about acceptance of material success goals, blocked opportunities, they do this to measure how people are gaining success and how others are not doing such a thing (Chamlin & Sanders, 2013). Differing from the first two studies analyzed, this one seems to be much smaller sample size, using less data, and a less sophisticated approach. Their methodology and operationalization was not as concise as the other
Lyman, M. D., & Potter, G. W. (2007). Theories of Criminal Behavior. Organized crime (4th ed., pp. 59-81). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall.