In order to transform deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA, into protein a previous transformation must occur first, and that transformation process is transcription. RNA is similar to DNA; however, DNA has the nitrogenous base thymine while RNA has uracil as a nitrogenous base. RNA and DNA are known to be complementary, being that the two bases pair with each other. Transcription is the synthesis of ribonucleic acid, RNA, using genetic information found within the DNA. Transcription creates the RNA molecule from the DNA genetic information, and this RNA molecule is known as the messenger ribonucleic acid, mRNA. The mRNA carries a genetic message from the DNA to the protein creating section of the cell. In the first portion of transcription, the enzyme, …show more content…
Transcription occurs within the cytoplasm, and translation also occurs in the cytoplasm within the bacterial cell. However, within the eukaryotic cell the process of transcription occurs within the nucleus and translation occurs within the cytoplasm. The separation of the two processes is due to the fact that the nucleus is where DNA is contained in the eukaryotic cell, and the process of transcription changes the state of mRNA in order to escort the pre mRNA out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm. During the initiation stage of transcription, the eukaryotic cells have a slightly more complex process. Eukaryotes require multiple transcription factors to bind to the DNA before the RNA polymerase II can attach. The attachment of the multiple transcription factors and the RNA polymerase II enzyme creates the transcription initiation complex, none of which occurs within the bacterial cell. After the transcription process, the eukaryotic cells requires some alteration to the mRNA strand in order to escort it out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm. The addition of the 5’ cap and the 3’ cap is necessary in order to exit the nucleus; however, none the post-transcription modifications are needed for the bacterial cells. This is due to the previously stated reason of the eukaryotic cell having compartmentalization within the cell, while the bacterial cells have no nucleus holding the cell’s
Living organisms undergo chemical reactions with the help of unique proteins known as enzymes. Enzymes significantly assist in these processes by accelerating the rate of reaction in order to maintain life in the organism. Without enzymes, an organism would not be able to survive as long, because its chemical reactions would be too slow to prolong life. The properties and functions of enzymes during chemical reactions can help analyze the activity of the specific enzyme catalase, which can be found in bovine liver and yeast. Our hypothesis regarding enzyme activity is that the aspects of biology and environmental factors contribute to the different enzyme activities between bovine liver and yeast.
As the solution pH can influence the stability of NaClO-NH3 blend and the elimination of SO2, NOx, the impact of the pH of NaClO-NH3 blend solution on the instantaneous removal as well as the duration time was investigated, and the final pH after reaction was also detected and shown in Fig. 5. It can be seen that the variation of solution pH has a negligible effect on the desulfurization, but the elevated pH has a great promotion on the NOx removal, the efficiencies are significantly increased from 36% to 99% for NO2 in the pH range of 5–12 and from 19% to 65% for NO when the pH is between 5 and 10, after where, both of them are constant. Hence, the optimal pH of the NaClO-NH3 solution for the
In this experiment, I was making a sample of aspirin and then testing it in order to see how pure the sample of aspirin was. By doing this experiment, I was leaning how to crystalize products, and then used the theoretical yield, along with the percentage yield in order to calculate the amount of aspirin that I had created in the sample. Aspirin is an anti-inflammatory, and analgesic, meaning this medication can reduce inflammation, fever, and pain by blocking the enzymes that promote these issues, and reducing the production of more of these enzymes all over the body.
Miller, Kenneth R. and Joseph S. Levine. “Chapter 12: DNA and RNA.” Biology. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, Inc., 2002. Print.
I would suggest to students performing the nitration to make sure their benzoic acid product is very fine and broken up before reacting it, as it has a tendency to clump together when it dries and thus proves very difficult to react in solution. I would also suggest keeping a very close eye on the temperature when adding the sulfuric/nitric acid mixture dropwise, as the reaction has a tendency to spike in temperature
In order to do this a polymer of DNA “unzips” into its two strands, a coding strand (left strand) and a template strand (right strand). Nucleotides of a molecule known as mRNA (messenger RNA) then temporarily bonds to the template strand and join together in the same way as nucleotides of DNA. Messenger RNA has a similar structure to that of DNA only it is single stranded. Like DNA, mRNA is made up of nucleotides again consisting of a phosphate, a sugar, and an organic nitrogenous base. However, unlike in DNA, the sugar in a nucleotide of mRNA is different (Ribose) and the nitrogenous base Thymine is replaced by a new base found in RNA known as Uracil (U)3b and like Thymine can only bond to its complimentary base Adenine. As a result of how it bonds to the DNA’s template strand, the mRNA strand formed is almost identical to the coding strand of DNA apart from these
What has to happen for a gene to be transcribed? The enzyme RNA polymerase, which makes a new RNA molecule from a DNA template, must attach to the DNA of the gene. It attaches at a spot called the promoter.
DNA is made of a deoxyribose sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogen containing bases. The four nitrogen containing bases are divided into two groups, Purines and pyrimidines. The structure of DNA is called a double helix because it resembles a spiral stair case. We also learned about, complementary base pairing, replication of DNA, mutations and the structure of RNA. RNA included all three types of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA. From RNA we also learned about transcription, protein structure, protein synthesis, enzyme production, and translation. We learned this through activities such as, our DNA study sheet, our cloning paper plasmid lab, out mutation activity, and our protein synthesis worksheet.
The genetic information of an organism allows for the continuation of life. This genetic information is passed from parent to offspring via the molecule deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The structure of the DNA molecule provides a solution for the replication of the existing DNA molecule and furthermore the transmission of heritable information to the next generation. The scope of this essay will discuss how the molecular structure of DNA allows for DNA to replicate and transmit heritable information from one generation to the next.
In the most general terms, the nucleus is the command center of a eukaryotic cell. Although the origin of the organelle is unclear, it is believed that it is derived from a symbiosis relationship between a bacterium and an archaea (Martin W. 2005). Being the main hub for the inner workings of a cell involves different functions overall. These nucleic functions are determined by the genes within the DNA of the cell. Functions of the cell are also regulate by soluble proteins that come in and out of the cell via the membranes and specific channels or the nuclear pore complexes. The overall objectives of the nucleus include; gene expression, compartmentalization, and processing pre-mRNA. The functions of the organelles and sub-regions
DNA and RNA are the genetic information that organisms with hold. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) contains four nucleotides, 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen bases carrying genetic information of the cell. The strands of DNA, one end having unlinked 5’ carbon and the other end having 3’ carbon, have direction and polarity (Freeman). DNA contains the bases guanine, cytosine, adenine, and thymine. On the other hand RNA (ribonucleic acid) contains nucleotides having sugar ribose and is usually single stranded. RNA contains the bases guanine, cytosine, adenine, and uracil. Some of the components of RNA that allows it to function are have the components of ribosomes (rRNA), transporting amino acids (tRNA), and translating the message of the DNA code (mRNA) (Freeman).
Citation: Philips, T. (2008) Regulation of Transcription and gene expression in Eukaryotes. Nature Education 1(1)
DNA consists of a biochemical mechanism that enables the storage, translation and transmission of information (Jobling., 1996)...
Transcription is a process in which RNA is synthesised from a DNA template. Transcription occurs inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and is catalysed by the enzyme RNA polymerase. The enzyme catalyses the initiation and elongation of RNA chains and requires a DNA template, all four ribonucleoside triphosphates (ATP, GTP, CTP and UTP) and a divalent metal ion such as Mg2+ or Mn2+ (Burrell, H, 2014).
Let's break down what DNA really is. DNA stands for Deoxy-ribo Nucleic Acid. Deoxy means that there is a missing oxygen atom in the sugar on the second carbon in DNA. It is the only chemical difference between the sugar molecule Deoxy-ribose and the regular sugar ribose. Ribo means that there is a sugar. Now, what does the word Nucleic mean? The word comes from a German word Nuklein, meaning comes from the nucleus. Therefore, DNA is an acid that has sugar, but has no oxygen. DNA is made of nucleotides, but what does that really mean? There are only 4 types of nitrogenous bases in DNA: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. All 4 of these are nucleic acids. These bond together with a Hydrogen bond. Adenine bonds with thymine, and cytosine bonds with guanine. The “backbone” of the DNA is the phosphate group and the ribo group bonded by covalent bonds. What is the difference between RNA and DNA? Well, as discussed before, there is one oxygen atom missing from the sugar in DNA, but there are more di...