Question #101: Genetic coding, expression, transcription and translation
Genes are past down from generation to generation and provide genetic coding for each individual and organism. They contain instructions for building proteins (Freeman). DNA and RNA are involved in the genetic up keep of the hereditary information. The hereditary information is then expressed by involving two kinds of products, which include transcription and translation of the genetic coding of DNA or RNA.
DNA and RNA are the genetic information that organisms with hold. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) contains four nucleotides, 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen bases carrying genetic information of the cell. The strands of DNA, one end having unlinked 5’ carbon and the other end having 3’ carbon, have direction and polarity (Freeman). DNA contains the bases guanine, cytosine, adenine, and thymine. On the other hand RNA (ribonucleic acid) contains nucleotides having sugar ribose and is usually single stranded. RNA contains the bases guanine, cytosine, adenine, and uracil. Some of the components of RNA that allows it to function are have the components of ribosomes (rRNA), transporting amino acids (tRNA), and translating the message of the DNA code (mRNA) (Freeman).
The first step in converting or copying genetic information is by the process called transcription. Transcription occurs in the nucleus of the eukaryotic cell and begins when the sigma is binded to the promoter of the start of the gene (Freeman). Next, the RNA polymerase unwinds part of the DNA and interprets the mRNA (which holds the encoded information) adding ribonucleotides complementary to the DNA strand (Freeman). Finally, transcription ends with a terminational signal ...
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...e repressor system is essentially the operator of the protein encodings. It is encoded by “lacI that is binded to DNA and prevents transcription of lacZ, lacy, and lacA” (Freeman). The inducer system interacts with the repressor system and changes the overall shape of the repressor.
Genetic coding is unique, different, and expressed for every organism. The two main kinds of products that come from gene expression as a result are transcription and translation. Transcription is the process of making a copy of the DNA strand of the organism. Translation transfers the information to the different sites with the help of mRNA. The genetic coding is expressed and controlled throughout the prokaryotic cell and determines each organism.
Works Cited
Freeman, Scott. Biological Science. 3rd ed. San Francisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. 43-57,68-71,82-92. Print.
DNA is made up of nucleotides, and a strand of DNA is known as a polynucleotide. A nucleotide is made up of three parts: A phosphate (phosphoric acid), a sugar (Deoxyribose in the case of DNA), and an organic nitrogenous base2 of which there are four. The four bases are as followed: Adenine (A), Cytosine
Since DNA has the instructions for making the proteins, but it has to be highly protected, it doesn’t leave the nucleus where it is mostly found (Hall, 6). DNA’s function is to be a long-term storage and transmission of the genetic information (DNA vs RNA, 2014). Copies of certain instructions needed for proteins can be made in the form of RNA. It’s not an exact copy of what is found in DNA, but RNA can travel out of the nucleus with the instructions. RNA make...
What has to happen for a gene to be transcribed? The enzyme RNA polymerase, which makes a new RNA molecule from a DNA template, must attach to the DNA of the gene. It attaches at a spot called the promoter.
All living things contain DNA. The molecule deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA is what contains an organism’s genetic information. The genetic information contained in DNA is what an organism requires to not only develop and reproduce but also survive. A DNA molecule is built up of nucleotides. Nucleotides are composed of several different things and what the nucleotides are composed of determines the name of it. Another job of DNA is to pass the genetic information through the process of protein synthesis. The DNA can show birth defects in the fetus using different testing. The knowledge of the birth defects of the fetus can be both positive and negative. DNA is a simple yet complex molecule that is used by all living things and makes us the way
1. DNA is a nucleic acid that carries the genetic information in the cell and is capable of self-replication and synthesis of RNA. DNA consists of two long chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix and joined by hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases adenine and thymine or cytosine and guanine. The sequence of nucleotides determines individual hereditary characteristics.
Before Americans can make accusations that marijuana can only be used for the sole purpose of euphoric pleasure, they should first become knowledgeable of cannabis’s original and highly valuable uses that gave the plant its primary popularity. The herbal plant was actually a food source around 6000 BC, and it was used as a fiber two thousand years later. Another couple thousand years later was when cannabis obtained its first medical record in China and soon traveled to India and North Africa where cannabis began its use as a “recreational hallucinogen.” When Europe greeted marijuana at about 500 BC, users began classifying in what methods the plant can treat various medical conditions. The Americas were first introduced t...
Marijuana was a large part of culture throughout the entire world, it has been around for thousands of years and still continues to grow. Hemp was a large help with early American settlers, the hollow stalk was used to make clothing, rope and paper. Hemp was used well before this though, the Chinese used it to make fishing nets and bow strings for their archers. George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, who are considered to be forefathers for America, both grew hemp. Benjamin Franklin owned a mill that made hemp paper. Early drafts of the Declaration of Independence were written on paper that was made of hemp. During World War II, the US supply of hemp was cut off by the Japanese, and the US Army and the Department of Agriculture promoted the “Hemp for Victory” campaign, which encouraged farmers to grow hemp for the cause of the war. Hemp was also used in making sails and ropes for ships. In 1937, the Marijuana
It was the Spanish who brought marijuana to America in 1545. Soon enough, it became a major commercial crop like tobacco in 1611. By 1890, marijuana was used in some medicines, and it began to catch on in the 1920’s, the same era of prohibition of alcohol. Hemp began to be one of the largest agricultural crops in the word. This was due to its incredibly robust and durable qualities. It was used for fabric, lighting oil, paper, fiber, dynamite, cellophane, and many more. Most textiles were actually made out of hemp at this time (The Union: The Business Behind Getting High).
Marijuana is one of the oldest cultivated plants. (Nahas,1986) The first people to introduce the potential healing properties of marijuana were the Chinese. About five thousand years ago, the people of the plains of Central Asia began cultivating the plant for its oil and fiber. The United States was introduced to marijuana in the 16th century. It was brought over by the Spanish and British and used for its fiber. The plant’s intoxicating properties were only discovered in the late 19th century. It was used for the production of rope and cloth until the 20th century and now it is widely a drug used preferably for pleasure.
The history of marijuana in the United States dates to early colonial times. ``In 1619, America's first marijuana law was enacted at Jamestown Colony, Va., `ordering' all farmers to `make tryal of' (grow) Indian hemp seed.” (Tribune) A by-product of the cannabis plant is hemp. Today, hemp can be used to make fabrics, construction, paper, medicines, oils, body care products, and molded plastics. In colonial times hemp was used to make various textile products and in the 1800s hemp was found to have medicinal benefits. Herer says in his book, The Emperor Wears No Clothes, “various marijuana and hashish extracts were the first, second or third most-prescribed medicines in the United States from 1842 until the 1890s. (Herer) For centuries people have recognized the medicinal properties of cannabis; “depending on the c...
From what we know, marijuana has been around for over 10,000 years. Located in Taiwan. However, even though this drug, or should I say crop, has been around for countless years, you won't find it in a history book. The people in Taiwan had figured out that not only could they use the hemp plant as a good food source, but they could also use it to make paper as well as fishing nets. So not only could hemp or marijuana benefit us in the medical era, it could benefit the facing industry and possibly the fisherman all over the country. People are so quick to judge this drug rather than give it a chance.
“A gene is a segment of DNA or a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that code for a functional product,” Tortora. Microbiology. p. 575. The syllable of the syllable. These genes not only affect our outlook, but also play a role.
Distinct characteristics are not only an end result of the DNA sequence but also of the cell’s internal system of expression orchestrated by different proteins and RNAs present at a given time. DNA encodes for many possible characteristics, but different types of RNA aided by specialized proteins sometimes with external signals express the needed genes. Control of gene expression is of vital importance for an eukaryote’s survival such as the ability of switching genes on/off in accordance with the changes in the environment (Campbell and Reece, 2008). Of a cell’s entire genome, only 15% will be expressed, and in multicellular organisms the genes active will vary according to their specialization. (Fletcher, Ivor & Winter, 2007).
Genetics is the passing of characteristics from parents to offspring through genes. Genes are information
During this phase the DNA aka “deoxyribose nucleic acid” clone then forms chromatin. Chromatin is the mass of genetic material that forms into chromosomes. Interphase is divided into smaller parts: G1 Phase, S phase and G2 Phase. Throughout all the phases, the cells continuously develop by producing mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and proteins. The actual division occurs during the S phase bur the G phases are mainly for the purpose of growing. Starting with the G1 phase the cell grows in preparation for certain intracellular components and DNA replication. This phase makes sure the cell is prepared for the process of DNA replication. It reviews the size and environment to ensure that is it ready to go, and cannot leave the G1 until it is complete. But what happens to a cell when it is not complete and cannot exit out of the phase? It will pause and transfer to phase G0. There’s no certain time to be in this phase but it will remain until it reaches the fitting size and is in a supportive surroundings for DNA replication. It will exit either G1 or G0 and there is no other way besides these. Then the cell will advance to the next phase which is the S phase. Synthesis, or more known as S phase is the section of the cell cycle when the DNA is wrapped into chromosomes then duplicated. This is a very important part of the cycle because it grants each of them that is created, to have the exact same genetic