Respiratory and Circulatory Systems of Grasshoppers

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TITLE : RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEM OF GRASSHOPPER

INTRODUCTION

Grasshopper is classified under the Order Orthoptera and Class Insecta. Orthoptera derived from the word ‘orthos’ means straight or rigid while ‘ptera’ means wing. Grasshopper is categorized under Class Insecta due to having 3 segments of body which comprises of the head, thorax and abdomen. Insects have characteristic feature of a jointed exoskeleton with each segments of the body having dorsal sclerite, tergum, sternum and pleura (Chapman, 1998).

Animal cells are known to bathed in an extracellular fluid (ECF) in which most cells exchanges solutes with extracellular fluid and not with the external environment which is facilitated by the bulk flow (circulatory system) of ECF and powered by pumps (hearts). Most insects have only one major pump, dorsal vessel, multiple accessory pumps with circulating portion of ECF known ad blood or hemolymph. Four main functions of hemolymph are as transport medium of hormones and nutrients between tissues and sites for storage of some nutrients and water (Chapman et al., 2013).

Gaseous exchange process occur by a system of air-filled internal tubes, tracheal system, finer branches that extends to all parts of the body which became a functional intracellular muscle fibers in which oxygen with be carried in the gas phase directly to the sites of utilization. Some insects are known to have hemocyanin, an oxygen-carrying pigment which exists in the blood, some aquatic insects have gaseous exchange with water using arrays of tracheae under the permeable cuticle while in some aquatic insects and terrestrial insects, the existence of spiracles (tracheae which opens through segmental pores) functions as a filter s...

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