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Reconstructive theory of memory Roediger and McDermott 1995
The truth of repressed memories
The truth of repressed memories
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When it comes to repressed memories, I am sure we have all experienced them at one point or another. Repressed memories are memories that have been unconsciously blocked due to some sort of traumatic, or high stress experience. There is a mechanism in our brains that protect us from traumatic experiences (Serendip, 2005). The Recovered Memory movement began in between the mid 1980's and lasted until the 1990's. (Serendip, 2005). The False Memory Movement believes that our brains can suppress and block memories. (Serendip, 2005). The False Memory Movement also believed that due to weaknesses of memory, our minds could create false memories as well. (Serendip, 2005).
I find the recovered memory movement the most compelling, if the therapist assisting the client recover his/her memories is competent, objective and does not influence the memories in any way. I do believe that memory suppression is a defense mechanism that occurs unconsciously to protect ourselves from having to consciously remember and think about traumatic experiences (Serendip, 2005). There are two types of
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Many research studies have been conducted to show the validity of repressed memories (Serendip, 2005). A study was conducted by Linda Williams, where 129 women had been sexually abused in the 1970’s (Serendip, 2005). The study showed that 20 years after the traumatic event occurred, “38% of the women did not remember being admitted into the hospital, 12% do not remember the actual abuse, and 16% claimed that for a period of time they did not remember the abuse, however they recalled the memory at a later date” (2005, paragraph 3). The results proved the validity of memory repression in which traumatic events, such as sexual abuse, cause memory loss for the specific period or for the entire event (Serendip,
6. With respect to the controversy regarding reports of repressed memories of sexual abuse, statements by major psychological and psychiatric associations suggest that:
Many counselors attribute their clients' woes to long-buried "repressed" memories of childhood sexual abuse. They help clients to unlock these, and rewrite their pasts. Clients sever all former ties with "families of origin" and surround themselves only with other "survivors", to prevent confirmation or denial.
I believe that having a false memory is more likely to occur because if our real memories change over time the story, arguing that a repressed memory stays intact after years of being blocked, is illogical. Most of the cases, the repressed memory came back because it was forced by external factors that may have altered the veracity of the memory, which makes repressed memories unreliable as testimonies. I believe that there is truth in both topics, however, the cases presented in the film, and how the victims reacted to the memories gives the viewer a sign that most of the cases were under the influence of false memories.
Amici curiae is a social psychologist and legal scholar who studies the effects of the Recovered Memory Syndrome on individuals’ behaviors and judicial practices. Amici has conducted research and published several peer-reviewed articles explaining the role of hypnosis in uncovering repressed memories and related traumas that come along with it. This brief intends to provide the Court with relevant and current literature explaining the recovered memory phenomenon and its relationship with psychotherapeutic techniques where recovery of memories often occurs. Research presented by amici demonstrates that cases of sexual abuse, real or imagined, must be given careful consideration as victims undergo significant emotional
McNally, R. J., Clancy, S. A., Barrett, H. M., Parker, H. A., Ristuccia, C. S., & Perlman, C. A. (2006). Autobiographical memory specificity in adults reporting repressed, recovered, or continuous memories of childhood sexual abuse. Cognition & Emotion, 20(3/4), 527-535. doi:10.1080/02699930500342779
Answers to these questions are complex and incomplete. As an anxiety disorder, PTSD has its foundations in fear and "emotional memory." Like factual memory, emotional memory also involves the storage and recall of events and details; this has been termed the explicit or conscious memory (2). Emotional memory, though, has a second, distinct component. This facet, t...
False memory occurs when an event that never happened is remembered or it differs from reality. This effect can be created using a Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) list. Each list contains 12 words associated with each other, and a critical non-presented word (CNPW) or lure word. Following the presentation of a DRM list, a recognition test shows that participants claim to confidently remember the lure word in great detail, although it was not presented. According to the spreading activation theory, the presentation of a word activates its semantic network, which includes the lure word, during encoding. Therefore, the presented word and the lure word are encoded. Consequently, the more this semantic network is activated through associated words, the greater the false encoding of the lure word. The DRM list activates the critical lure word 12 times. False memory, such as a participant misidentifying a lure word as a presented item, is a consequence
An alternative view to this debate, are from practicing therapist who argue that most recovered memories are true, and that there is still some evidence to support the concept of repressed memories (Briere & Conte, 1993). They claim that traumatic memories such as sexual abuse tend to be different from ordinary memories because they are encoded in a way that prevents them from being accessible in everyday life. In addition, they argue that certain procedures during therapy are necessary in order to bring the repressed memories back into conscious awareness, and this is deemed necessary in order to help the patient recover. Despite these claims, there is little evidence to support the validity of reported cases of recovered memories, and most of the theories are mainly based on speculation rather than scientific evidence. However, there have been some cases in which a recovered memory did corresponded to an actual event that occurred. For example, an article by Freyd (1999), reported a case in which a man called Frank Fitzpatrick recovered memories of sexual abuse from childhood. Although this
Further biological research on the effect of psychological trauma on the neurochemistry of memory may help clinicians distinguish between true repressed memories and false memories in clients who report abuse. However, to date there is no method to determine the accuracy of these memories. Therefore clinicians and the courts must rely on corroborative evidence, and behavioral and physiologic clues to distinguish veracity.
This short sentence hit me like a truck. I’m not sure why, but it reminds me of how hard rape victims try to forget about what happened. Many rape victims are diagnosed with PTSD, so they are forced to remember what happened to them. It seems that rape victims push all of the details out of their mind, or are forced to remember.
Repressing a memory can be recalled through therapy or hypnosis, etc. It is interesting to see that the brain allows us to repress things without our conscious knowledge. In a way our unconscious mind can be more powerful than our conscious mind. The emotional understanding would be that one’s past is what shapes who they become.
Most people in their lives will go through a traumatic event, whether it be war, violent acts, industrial accidents, sexual assault and other events that are outside the range of the usual human experience. This is often referred to as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD. Individuals who have experienced a traumatic event have most often responded in fear, helplessness, or horror and often relive through the moment of fear. It is commonly known to avoid anything that reminds the individual of the event since these memories can cause both emotional and physical reactions. Sometimes these memories can feel so real it is as if the event is actually happening again.
Recovered memories somehow are more documented in trauma patients who have corroborated memories of abuse (Gleaves, & Williams, 2005). Trauma affects normal information processing in a way that interferes with both
Trauma is a psychological reaction to sudden traumatic events and overwhelming issues from outside. Additionally, the exposure to activities that are outside the human’s normal experiences. Traumatic events become external and incorporate into the mind (Bloom, 1999, p. 2). Traumatization happens when the internal and external forces do not appropriately cope with the external threat. Furthermore, trauma causes problems because the client’s mind and body react in a different way and their response to social groups. The symptoms of trauma relate to irritability, intrusive thoughts, panic and anxiety, dissociation and trance-like states, and self-injurious behaviors (Bloom, 1999, p. 2). Childhood trauma happens when they live in fear for the lives of someone they love (Bloom, 1999, p. 2). Judith Herman’s trauma theory states that the idea of repressed memories relates to unconscious behavior. These repressed behaviors include those inhibited behaviors relate to memories of childhood abuse. From McNally’s point of view memories of trauma cannot be repressed especially those that are more violent (Suleiman, 2008, p. 279). In addition, one of the theories used to dealing with trauma includes the coping theory. With situations, people tend to use problem-solving and emotion-focused coping. Emotion-focused coping happens when people are dealing with stressors. When the stressors become more
When this blocked memory is brought up in conversation days, weeks, even years later, the person remembers the event. Perhaps, this sin of the brain can be blamed for the Mandela Effect as when individuals are informed, they immediately associate their newly discovered, previously blocked memories with the Mandela Effect in