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Cultural stereotypes in the media
Cultural stereotypes in the media
Cultural stereotypes in the media
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The film Reel Bad Arabs opens a discussion on the Western media representations of the Arab world. However, the film analyzes not only the social and cultural factors at work, but the history that helped established these stigmas and depictions of Arab culture. Edward Said delves into the historical forces that have allowed for such perceptions to develop, focusing heavily on the colonization of the East. There is also the notion of cultural purity and danger, as proposed by Mary Douglas that is also particularly relevant to the primary concept of the film.
Dr. Mike Callaghan had explained Mary Douglas’s work on cultural purity and pollution in a unique way. He used to example of a cup. The cup was on the table and had been considered in a
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Said’s notion of orientalism refers to the ways in which the Western world has represented and perpetuated the cultures of the Eastern world, otherwise regarded as Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa. Said essentially traces the concept of orientalism back to the colonization process taking place in the Arab world. The Eastern countries had been perceived as inferior to the Western countries, and thus western intervention in the East had been rationalized.
It would be the early perceptions imagined by Western images of an “oriental” or in some cases, “inferior” Eastern world that would have long lasting effects on how the West has continued to regard regions particularly in the Middle East and North Africa. Reel Bad Arabs portrays the way that Western media has continued to perpetuate this primary trait of orientalism. The film itself is rather striking, in that these images of the Arab world and culture haven’t been openly contested. Rather the depictions of Arab culture have been openly accepted and utilized for entertainment purposes, even within family films such as Aladdin. The stigmas surrounding Arab culture have become
Argo, a movie about the Iran-American conflict of 1979, is primarily set in the Middle East where all the inhabitants are wrongly depicted as full of mindless rage, screaming, irrational, and reasonless mobs. In 1891, French economist and journalist, Paul Leroy-Beaulieu, stated about the colonies of the Orient “a great part of the world is inhabited by barbarian tribes or savages, some given over to wars without end and to brutal customs, and others knowing so little of the arts and being so little accustomed to work and to invention that they do not know how to exploit their land and its natural riches. They live in little groups, impoverished and scattered.” Argo having strikingly similar depictions of Eastern people over a hundred years later raises the question “has the Western perspective of the East changed?”
The film Lawrence of Arabia illustrations the experiences of a man’s exploration of places he has never been before, both on the globe and within his own mind. The leading role is sent to the Middle East during World War One, his experiences there are display disputes that are still prevalent in today’s world. The issues dealt with by the Arabians in the movie and the continued problems in present day Middle East are consequences of European domination. This control is executed through the idea of imperialism or, a countries attempt to expand their power, usually done by means of colonization, in an effort to strengthen their own countries livelihood. The conquest of Arabia by the British was the beginning of the political issues today in the
Sabbagh, S. J., & American Arab Anti Discrimination Committee, W. C. (1990). Sex, Lies, & Stereotypes: The Image of Arabs in American Popular Fiction. ADC Issue Paper No. 23. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
Orientalism is the way that the Middle East is depicted by its’ friendly acquaintances over in the West. In other terms, it is a “racist discourse which constructs the orient for Western aggrandizement.” The way that the Afghans are depicted in the film alongside Rambo makes the audience sympathize with them. The little boy also looks up to Rambo. He looks up to him a masculine father-figure. Using th...
According to Amin Maalouf, “It seems clear that the Arab East still sees the West as a natural enemy. Against that enemy, any hostile action-be it political, military, or based on oil-is considered no more than legitimate vengeance. And there can be no doubt that the schism between these two worlds dates from the Crusades, deeply felt by the Arabs, even today, as an act of rape” (Amin Maalouf). When reflecting on The Crusades Through Arab Eyes, this quote always sticks out as the most powerful piece of Maalouf’s work. As a growing college student this quote brings harsh reality to the world I live in. I believe as you grow through life, you become more and more aware of the world around you through education. In order to be aware you must be educated; The Crusades Through Arab Eyes has done just that by opening my eyes to a world and viewpoint I have never before considered.
Movies, one can argue, are one of America’s greatest pastimes. Unfortunately, after 9/11, films have become increasingly prejudiced against American Muslims. In movies Muslims are frequently portrayed negatively. According to James Emery, a professor of Anthropology, Hollywood profits off of “casting individuals associated with specific negative stereotypes”. This is due to the fact that viewers automatically link characters with their clichéd images (Emery). For Muslims, the clichéd image is of the violent fundamentalist, who carried out the terroristic attacks on 9/11. As a result, the main stereotypes involved in movies display Muslims as extremists, villains, thieves, and desert nomads. An example of a movie that has such a negative character role for Muslims in film is Disney’s cartoon Aladdin, depict...
Shaheen, Jack. “The Media’s Image of Arabs.” Writing on the River. 3rd ed. Boston: McGraw,
Joyce, James. "Araby." 1914. Literature and Ourselves. Henderson, Gloria, ed. Boston, Longman Press. 2009. 984-988.
The film Not Without My Daughter follows Betty Mahmoody, her Iranian-American husband Moody, and their daughter Mahtob, and their American/Iranian cultural struggle. Unfortunately, the message of this film has widely been received as anti-Islam, placing the blame for what happens directly on the Islamic religion. Views of Islam and Muslims are often constructed based off of Orientalism. These inaccurate prejudices are fed by biased materials such as Not Without My Daughter because Islam and the Muslim society are inaccurately represented within Western culture, viewers assume that this culture and it’s people are primitive, oppressive and abusive towards women and violent towards believers of different religions and faiths, all because of the generalized stereotype presented in the film.
Orientalism as termed by Edward Said is meant to create awareness of a constellation of assumptions that are flawed and underlying Western attitudes towards the Muslim societies. Evidence from his 1978 book “Orientalism”, states that the culture has been of influence and marred with controversy in post colonial studies and other fields of study. Moreover, the scholarship is surrounded by somehow persistent and otherwise subtle prejudice of Eurocentric nature, which is against Islam religion and culture (Windschuttle, 1999). In his book, Said illustrates through arguments, that the long tradition in existence containing romanticized images of Islamic stronghold regions i.e. Middle East, and the Western culture have for a long time served as implicit justifications for the European and American Imperial ambitions. In light of this, Said denounced the practice of influential Arabs who contributed to the internalization of Arabic culture ideas by US and British orientalists. Thus, his hypothesis that Western scholarship on Muslim was historically flawed and essentially continues to misrepresent the reality of Muslim people. In lieu to this, Said quotes that, “So far as the United States seems to be concerned, it is only a slight overstatement to say that Muslims and Arabs are essentially seen as either oil suppliers or potential terrorists. Therefore, very few details such as human density, the passion of Arab-Muslim life has entered the awareness of even the people whose profession revolve around reporting of the Arab world. Due to this, we have instead a series of crude, essentialized caricatures of the Islamic world presented in such a way as to make that world vulnerable to military aggression” (Said, 1980).
The Green Zone directed by Paul Greengrass and starring Matt Damon focuses primarily on the United States' involvement in Iraq, 2003 on the eve of George Bush's 'War on Terror'. Though the movie focuses more on behind the scenes activities of Senior U.S Officials and media agencies at the time of war, snippets throughout the film portray the Middle East and its inhabitants in a time of political turmoil and backlash, as Iraqi people are often seen angry and unsettled in large groups due to the danger of events that transpire around them, with the U.S now pulling the strings in the war torn region determining the future of all its citizens. This essay will focus mainly on the theme of politics expressed throughout the movie by focusing on certain dialogues amongst characters, analysing important scenes and settings, and will make reference to Edward Said's 'Orientalism' in arguing that Arabs are often misplaced and mistreated at the hands of Americans throughout the movie.
We may agree that most of the Western narratives stereotype Oriental woman, and represent her as either submissive, or vicious, or both. However, and unlike Elleke Boehmer, who calls these narratives the “textual takeover”181of the nonwestern world, not all Western narratives stereotype her for the sake of imperial purposes. William Beckford for example, is one of those Western writers, who stereotypes Arab Muslim women in his novel Vathak, but not for imperial purposes. He was greatly accused of stereotyping oriental people, and especially oriental woman, to support imperialism. Rasoul Aliakbari says that Vathek’s women “are put under a collective and thus pejorative framework… his representation show the inefficiency of the author in the
Anjelica Weigel Midterm Essay King Kong is one of the premiere examples of popular orientalism for a number of reasons. The films premise, following Carl Denham as he sets out to make a film about the mysterious beast on Skull Island, and the events that unfold subsequently, typifies racial and political divides of the time. Furthermore, it also encapsulates many of the aspects of colonialism in both past and present. In this paper, the definition of popular Orientalism and the film’s narrative structure will be defined, followed by an analysis into how the characters and settings can be identified as orientalist thinking, and finally how the violence and power struggles in the film are a parallel to colonial power examples. Popular Orientalism
According to Said, one definition of Orientalism is that it is a "style of thought based upon an ontological and epistemological distinction made between 'the Orient' and the 'Occident'." This is connected to the idea that Western society, or Europe in this case, is superior in comparison to cultures that are non-European, or the Orient. This means that Orientalism is a kind of racism held toward anyone not European. Said wrote that Orientalism was "a Western style for dominating, restructuring, and having authority over the Orient." This Western idea of the Orient explains why so many European countries occupied lands they believed to be Oriental.
We rightly consider the Holocaust to have forever altered our perspectives, so why do we ignorethe epistemological changes caused by Imperialism and continued into the present day byOrientalism?Theoretical part. Edward Said' s Onemalism functions as a central text for this thesis, as his analysis of Westerndepictions of the Orient will serve as a theoretical touchstone for similar depictions of the otherin the first two Dune novels. Said defines the Orient as "the place of Europe's greatest and richestand oldest colonies ... its cultural contestant, and one of its deepest and most recurring images ofthe Other" (I). Depictions of the Orient in European literature adopt the traits of Orientalism, aterm employed by Edward Said to describe the way that literature, history, and politics aredefined by and reflect hegemony.