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Using expository text in the classroom
Using expository text in the classroom
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Topic and Problem
Topic
Many students in middle school have difficulty comprehending material they read from the science textbook. The students are unfamiliar with the text features in the science textbook and do not know how to use them appropriately. The students also lack expository reading strategies to comprehend expository text. It is vital for students to be able to read and comprehend the science textbook independently to be successful throughout their academic career.
Topic choice. I teach sixth grade science. The topic was chosen because students enter the sixth grade without the necessary expository reading strategies to be successful in the classroom. The elementary teachers, in the county I teach in, are encouraged to teach science and social studies through the reading class and not to use the science and social studies textbook. It is essential for the students to be able to read and comprehend science and social studies textbooks on their own.
Topic importance. The importance of the study is to find ways to help students become successful expository readers. Comprehension of expository text is important for the academic success and independent learning of students. Students need essential expository reading strategies to comprehend the science text book. Students will need strategies to be successful throughout school. This research will investigate the effectiveness of text feature walks, using QAT strategy, and completing KWL charts in the comprehension of the science textbook.
Problem Statement
Sixth grade students in middle school have difficulty comprehending expository text. This results in students not understanding the assignments they read from the science textbook. Students lac...
... middle of paper ...
...ed over a three week instructional unit?
2. What is the perspective of the students in regards to instructional strategies using text walk features, the Questioning as Thinking (QAT) strategy, and KWL charts is applied over a three week instructional unit?
Topic and Problem Conclusion
Students enter sixth grade without the necessary skills to comprehend the science textbook. They have struggle comprehending expository text. It is vital for students to be able to read and comprehend the textbook independently. College study is made up largely of independent expository reading assignments, K-12 classroom reading which is heavy on narrative, provides less experience for learners on how to grapple with difficult vocabulary and complexity (Huson, 2014). Students need to learn and apply comprehension strategies to help improve the comprehension of expository text.
Reading is a complex process that’s difficult to explain linearly. A student’s reading capabilities begin development long before entering the school setting and largely start with exposure (Solley, 2014). The first remnants of what children are able to do in terms of reading are built from their parents and other people and object around them as they’re read to, spoken to, and taken from place to place to see new things (Solley, 2014). As kids are exposed to more and more their noises quickly turn into intentional comprehensible messages and their scribbling begins to take the form of legible text as they attempt to mimic the language(s) they’re exposed to daily.
The QAR strategy was developed by Taffy Raphael as a means to clarify how students should approach the task of reading the text and answering questions based on it. The strategy displays a three-way relationship between the text, questions, and the reader. The QAR method divides comprehension questions into the two categories: “In the Book”, and “In My Head.” It then breaks each category down into two subcategories. These categories help the student recognize the need to consider both the information in the text and information from their own previous knowledge in order to answer the question. QAR instruction provides a balance for the students so they should not run into the problem of over relying on either their background knowledge or the text information. Often, when students have trouble answering text-based questions, the t...
Not only does vocabulary play a crucial role in reading comprehension, it is also highly correlated with academic success (Lehr et al., 2004). As students progress through the grades, the vocabulary necessary to succeed in higher grades becomes more extensive. Typically, academic vocabulary demands appear in children’s 3rd and 4th grade books (Chall, Jacobs, & Baldwin,...
The study outcome will determine to what extent, if any, student reading comprehension increases with the regular inclusion of annotated bibliographies as an effective strategy for content comprehension. Reiterating the null hypothesis, there will be no difference in reading comprehension between the control group and the subjects; moreover, without indication of increased comprehension, there will be no change in learner’s knowledge. The merit of the annotated bibliography as an effective learning strategy to increase reading comprehension relies on the evidence produced by the
"A Study of Reading Habits," is Philip Larkin’s poetic warning that escapism and ignoring reality only makes real life less fulfilling. Larkin develops this idea via a narrator who prefers to escape from life rather than deal with it, as well as through changing use of language and subtle irony. Larkin’s most direct expression of his warning comes through the narrator’s experience with escapism through books. The narrator reveals his changing attitudes toward books in three stanzas, representing three stages in his life: childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. As a child, reading as an escape enabled the narrator to feel better about "most things short of school" (line 2). As an adolescent, books continued to be a form of escape for him, this time for his unfulfilled sexual desires. However, as an adult "now," the narrator embodies Larkin's warning. He is bitter and resentful that life is less glamorous than books, now only able to relate to the secondary, less important characters. The method he once used to escape now makes reality painfully obvious.
The term ‘scientific literacy’ has eluded precise definition ever since it was coined in 1958. That year, in light of the astonishing swift advancements made by mid-century scientists (e.g. the splitting of the atom, space exploration), three publications appeared that made reference to scientific literacy: a report by the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, which called for a larger technically trained workforce to safeguard our economic and military strength, and a more scientifically literate public able to execute civic responsibilities intelligently; a publication from Paul Hurd and colleagues at Stanford University that exhorted curricula leaders to develop pedagogies that promoted both the cultural and practical aspects of science; and a published address by the president of Shell Chemical Corporation, who called for new curricula emphasizing the fundamentals of science, its history, and its significance for active citizenship and everyday life (see DeBoer, 2000 for review). As DeBoer (2000) noted, however, all three publications used broad brushstrokes to define scientific literacy, thus shrouding the term in ambiguity. Indeed, when asked how they interpreted “scientific literacy,” scientists and science educators had disparate notions about the role content knowledge and a broader understanding of the nature of science had in developing a scientifically literate student (DeBoer, 2000). If nothing else, this example underscores the need for clear definitions and fully articulated curricular goals. To this end, educators have spent several decades making sense of the conceptual spectrum of scientific literacy, resulting in the dissection of scientific literacy into the following sub-genres: pra...
Science Literacy as a Dialogic Inquiry Process Built on the definition of scientific literacy in this chapter, science literacy is seen as a dialogic inquiry process and an interpersonal social practice (Heath, 1983, 2012; Street, 1984, 1995). It is more than the individual operation of experiments as a venue of scientific knowledge acquisition (Pearson, et al., 2010, p. 329). This dialogic learning process can be further elaborated in the following three stages. • First, before the hands-on exploration process, a science inquiry often starts with the teacher’s introduction of the key scientific concepts through using various multimodal texts. Combining the foundational knowledge provided by the teachers and the students’ relevant prior knowledge, the students often proceed to research the scientific topics through reading articles and scientific reports in the library or online.
Expository text can be very challenging to young readers, because of the new concepts and new vocabulary. These texts have some structural elements that help guide students through the reading. The ability to identify and analyze these elements in expository texts help students to understand texts more easily and remember it longer. Teaching expository text structure can be difficult and the article gives some good examples on how to achieve it. Being able to read and comprehend is an essential part of our everyday life, so it is very important that all teachers find the best ways to teach it.
The state requires middle school students to not only read informational text, but also to apply higher order comprehension skills. Many middle school students are reluctant to read informational text for several reasons: boredom, lack of appropriate skills and the actual textbook. Middle school students are going to have to learn to be dedicated, positive, find the value of informational text, use social motivation appropriately and make good choices in their learning process. Textbooks are meant to be used in classrooms today to help deepen understanding and meaning. However, only using the textbook may cause a frustration due to the lack of skill the student is able to apply. Textbooks need to be supported with a variety of resources that
Many researcher support the idea of teaching the students how to summarize the main ideas because it does have a positive impact on comprehension (Dymock & Nicholson, 2010; NICHD, 2000). One way to synthesize information is through summarizing. Teaching students how to summarize what they just read has been proven to improve overall comprehension even though it may be challenging for the students (Boling & Evans, 2008; Neufeld, 2005). One way to create a summary is through the use of graphic aides. When students are able to create a mental representation of what they read it will help them synthesize the information better (Massey & Heafner, 2004).
Effects of Reciprocal Teaching Strategies on Reading Comprehension by Norlida Ahmad. The purpose of this study is to investigate how ‘reciprocal teaching strategies ’ could help low-proficiency to improve their reading comprehension . It tries to answers two questions which are can reciprocal teaching strategies help low-proficiency students in the Sixth Form improve their reading comprehension of expository texts, and how do these low-proficiency level students in the Sixth Form respond to the use of reciprocal teaching strategies in their reading comprehension of expository texts. It has been applied it on 68 low-proficiency level students from the Sixth Form from an urban school in Malaysia . This study is quantitative and qualitative.
In this information–driven age, preparing students to read a variety of texts with complete understanding should likely be one of our educational system’s highest priorities. Understanding is more than just the ability to produce information on demand (knowledge) or the ability to perform learned routines (skills). “Understanding is the ability to think and act flexibly with what one knows.” (Active Learning Practice for Schools, n. d.) A review of the literature in the area of reading comprehension of elementary-age students shows two principle areas of focus. There is a body of literature that examines the development of proficient vs. struggling comprehenders and another body of literature that compares methodologies for teaching reading comprehension.
The before, during, and after reading strategy can be used for reading comprehension. The teacher can use this reading strategy the first time a new story is read. Before reading the story, the teacher previews the story by discussing the topic, using key vocabulary words, activating the student’s prior knowledge, and setting the purpose for reading. During the reading passage, the teacher will stop and use context clues to help students figure out the main ideas, word meanings, and vocabulary terms. After reading the entire passage, the teacher has the students write a short summary of the story by using evidence from the text. By previewing and reviewing, the teacher can utilize a number of resources to help promote reading comprehension through discussion. The before, during, and after reading strategy increases students’ comprehension, and is effective for those students’ with below average reading levels (Boardman, Vaughn, Buckley, Reutebuch, Roberts, & Klingner,
It is important that when selecting complex text educators look for specific factors that would meet each reader’s needs. These factors include language proficiency, background knowledge and experiences, and level of motivation. Depending on the factors mentioned, the educators can differentiate the instruction to meet the needs of the students where they could read a text and apply strategies learned. It is important to understand the text complexity because we do want readers to read text which are not challenging enough or that are extremely challenge that would make their self-efficacy low. Therefore, when Fisher & Frey (2012) stated the factors to take into consideration when selecting a text are established, readers would interact with the text. Moreover, the use of comprehension strategies like question and answer relationships (Reutzel & Cooter, 2016) would help the readers comprehend the text as they read
Children in grades 3 through 5 are moving from "learning to read" to "reading to learn" and from "learning to write" to "writing to communicate". Students learn to work independently. They learn to read words and make mental pictures. Third through fifth graders also learn to write paragraphs, short essays and stories that make a point. The curriculum becomes more integrated. "Reading to learn" helps third through fifth graders better understand the scientific method and how to test hypotheses about the physical world. Additionally, "reading to learn" aids students in graphing and calculating scientific observations and then writing up their conclusions. Third grade science class will open new worlds of wonder and invite curious mind to explore (Williams, 2012).