Procedures
Purification of the DNA
1. Using the kitchen knife, cut up the cow's liver into three small pieces measuring approximately one-inch (3 cm) cubed.
2. Place the pieces of liver into the blender.
3. Add the salt and warm water to the liver in the blender. Make sure the water covers the liver pieces.
4. Blend on high with the cover on for 10 to 15 seconds.
5. Strain the blended mixture through cheesecloth or a coffee filter into a beaker or large drinking glass.
6. Add the dishwashing liquid, stir, and let sit for 10 minutes.
7. Fill a test tube or small narrow glass one third full with the liver mixture.
8. Add a pinch of either the meat tenderizer. Wait 20 minutes.
9. Tilt the test tube or glass, and slowly add an equal amount of the cold alcohol by pouring the alcohol down the sides of the test tube. Wait 20 minutes.
10. Stringy DNA should appear as a layer between the bottom mixture and the alcohol on the top.
11. Insert a stirring rod into the stringy DNA. Spool the DNA around the rod like you are gently swirling up cotton candy. Filter your sample’s juice through a coffee filter into a small beaker. You can also use 3-4 layers of cheesecloth instead of coffee filters. Coffee filters, however, are better
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Gradually add ice cold 99% propanol by drizzling it down the side of the beaker. The isopropanol will form a clear layer on top of your sample. Add 2 volumes (this means approximately two times the volume of the sample present) of ice cold 99% isopropanol down the side of the beaker with a straw or pasteur pipette. It is helpful to tilt the beaker as you do this to increase the surface area of the juice layer in contact with the alcohol. Also, do this step slowly to enable the alcohol to form a layer on top of the juice layer. If the alcohol does not form a separate layer, the alcohol will be too dilute to precipitate the DNA. As you let the beaker sit, the DNA should precipitate. The longer you wait, the more DNA you should
Rinse your beaker thoroughly to wash any excess powder. 12. Repeat steps 7-11 3 more times for reliability. To make sure the temperature still stays hot by continue heating the water a little bit using the hot plate. 13.
5.) One at a time, place your test tubes in the water bath and heat the first test tube to 25 , the second to 50 , the third to 75, and the last to 100 degrees c. Remeber to stir with your stirring rod every so often.
The procedure of the lab on day one was to get a ring stand and clamp, then put the substance in the test tube. Then put the test tube in the clamp and then get a Bunsen burner. After that put the Bunsen burner underneath the test tube to heat it. The procedure of the lab for day two was almost exactly the same, except the substances that were used were different. The
2. Drop a gummy bear into each of your prepared beaker or cup and place the beaker or cup
electrophoresis. The way the PCR method works is by first mixing a solution containing the
Many things have impacted both the Science and Medical fields of study. Electrophoresis and DNA Sequencing are two of these things. Together they have simultaneously impacted both of these fields. On one hand, there is Electrophoresis. Electrophoresis is a specific method of separating molecules by their size through the application of an electric field. It causes molecules to migrate at a rate and distance dependent on their size. On the other hand, there is DNA Sequencing. DNA Sequencing is a technique used to determine the exact sequence of bases
7. Using the stirring wire, stir the mixture until the solute completely dissolves. Turn the heat source off, and allow the solution to cool.
Tsou, J. A., Hagen, J. A., Carpenter, C. L., & Laird-Offringa, I. A. (2002, August 05). DNA
In a laboratory scientist will use a process called gel electrophoresis to separate DNA fragments. The DNA is cut into different sized fragments as a result from using restriction enzymes. The different sized DNA fragments are organized injected on agarose gel with an added substance that helps it glow after the test. DNA is negatively charged. Electricity is producing a positively charged are and a negatively charged area. Opposites attract and as a result the negatively charged DNA will move quickly to the positively charged area. Smaller DNA fragments will run faster the larger DNA fragments. After the electricity is turned off smaller DNA fragments will be closer to the positively charged area and the larger DNA fragments will be farther from the positively charged area. While it is glowing scientist can take a picture of the data and record the results and compare DNA samples to look for any abnormalities.
2. In the large beaker, put water and boil it completely. After that, remove the beaker from heat. 3. Sample tubes (A-D) should be labeled and capped tightly.
In a 250ml beaker place 100mls of water, measure the temperature of the water and record this initial temperature onto a table. Set the timer and add one teaspoon of Ammonium Nitrate to the water, stir this continuously until the Ammonium Nitrate has dissolved. After 1 minute measure the temperature and record it, do this for a further 2 minutes (3 minutes in total). Repeat this process for a total of 10 teaspoons.
tube. Add 6 mL of 0.1M HCl to the first test tube, then 0.1M KMnO4 and
First of all, a little background on DNA and genetics. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a complex structure consisting of a double stranded helix made up of complementary base pairs. Adenine (A) pairs up with thymine (T) and guanine (G) matches with cytosine (C). They are held together with the help of hydrogen bonds. The helix is spiral shaped, and the outside of DNA is alternating sugar and phosphate groups. Watson and Crick presented this structure in 1953.
Firstly, an amount of 40.90 g of NaCl was weighed using electronic balance (Adventurer™, Ohaus) and later was placed in a 500 ml beaker. Then, 6.05 g of Tris base, followed by 10.00 g of CTAB and 3.70 g of EDTA were added into the beaker. After that, 400 ml of sterilized distilled water, sdH2O was poured into the beaker to dissolve the substances. Then, the solution was stirred using the magnetic stirrer until the solution become crystal clear for about 3 hours on a hotplate stirrer (Lab Tech® LMS-1003). After the solution become clear, it was cool down to room temperature. Later, the solution was poured into 500 ml sterilized bottle. The bottle then was fully wrapped with aluminium foil to avoid from light. Next, 1 mL of 2-mercaptoethanol-β-mercapto was added into fully covered bottle. Lastly, the volume of the solution in the bottle was added with sdH2O until it reaches 500 ml. The bottle was labelled accordingly and was stored on chemical working bench.
Introduction: Susumu Ohno is regularly credited with the origin of the term “Junk DNA” in 1972. He believed that the reason behind such a limited number of genes in an extremely large genome was because said genome could not sustain having large amounts of genes and that areas in between had an important role in doing nothing (ScientificAmerican, 2016). Large portions of this “junk DNA” comes about from transposition of DNA sections to different locations on the genome. These transpositions cause many areas to contain repetitive sequences that did not appear to have an immediate function. It is for this reason that when initial discussion over sequencing the human genome began there were debates about whether to include these sections of genome in the sequencing or to focus on just the protein coding areas.