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Writing a police interview
Investigators coercion in interrogation
Interrogation techniques
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Reid vs. P.E.A.C.E. interrogation methods
The Reid technique focuses on two stages to achieve a confession; a fact-finding interview stage as well as the BAI (behavioral analysis interview), and the interrogation stage. The P.E.A.C.E. model on the other hand advantageously relies on four stages to induce a confession; The first being Preparation and planning, followed by, Engage and Explain, Account, Closure, and evaluation. Although Both methods are reasonably successful at getting confessions, because of the Reid technique’s highly persuasive questioning methods that lead to wrongful convictions, the P.E.A.C.E. method is what newer police forces are moving to as far as interviewing methods. [1]
As stated above, the Reid technique focuses
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[2] Canadian Provincial Court Judge Mike Dinkel ruled in 2012 that “stripped to its bare essentials, the Reid technique is a guilt-presumptive, confrontational, psychologically manipulative procedure whose purpose is to extract a confession. [3] The interrogation method can be abused and can lead to falsely accusing suspects and mistreating suspects by feeding them lies about the quality and quantity of the evidence proving their guilt. Claims of evidence such as video or genetics, has the potential to cause innocent suspects to plead guilty when combined with promises of clemency or warning of harm. [4] In 2015, eight organizations including Reid & Associates settled with Juan Rivera, who in 1992, was convicted wrongfully the rape and murder of 11-year-old Holly Staker. Many pieces of evidence excluded Rivera, including DNA from the rape kit and the report from the electronic ankle monitor he was wearing at the time when awaiting trial for a non-violent burglary he was involved in previously. He however confessed after being interrogated by the police several days after taking two polygraph exams done by Reid & …show more content…
model starts with the first stage, Preparation and Planning. During this stage, the interviewer looks at how any information gained from the current interview could be used to strengthen the ongoing investigation. Learning about the suspect and making a list on the objectives of the investigation are a necessity to conduct the interview. A timeline of events is erected relating to the offense that is under investigation and that timeline is used to develop a questioning plan based on the existing evidence. Following the first stage, the interviewer would then start the engage and explain stage. In this two part stage, the interviewer starts out by engaging the suspect by relaying to him/her how the interview will take place. In attempts to establish rapport, the interviewer will converse with subject by conducting themselves in a professional and personable manner. The interviewer makes sure that the suspect understands the reason and purpose for the interview, explaining also how the interview is expected to progress and stresses the ground rules and expectations of the interview. The third step then follows
Lord, V. B., & Cowan, A. D. (2011). Interviewing in criminal justice. Ontario: Jones and Bartlett.
This case started on July 25, 1984, with the death of a nine year old girl by the name of Dawn Hamilton. The story plays out as follows: Dawn approached two boys and an adult male that were fishing at a pond in a wooded area near Golden Ring Mall in eastern Baltimore, Maryland. Dawn asked the boys to help her find her cousin, they declined the adult male however agreed to help her look. This was the last time anyone saw Hamilton alive. Hamilton’s body was found to have been raped, strangled and beaten with a rock. The police collected a boot print at the scene and DNA that was found in Hamilton’s underwear. The police also relied on the witness testimonies and line-ups, which in this case was the photo array. With the five eye witness testimonies and a tip the believed to be suspect was found. Kirk Noble Bloodsworth a prior U.S. Marine with no prior criminal record was taken into custody and charged with intentional first degree murder, sexual assault and rape. Bloodsworth was basically convicted on the eye witness testimonies. The state requested the death penalty. Bloodsworth was sentenced to two consecutive life terms. (BLOODSWORTH v. STATE, 1988)
Because police investigators are usually under pressure to arrest criminals and safeguard the community, they often make mistakes. Sometimes, detectives become convinced of a suspect 's guilt because of their criminal history or weak speculations. Once they are convinced, they are less likely to consider alternative possibilities. They overlook some important exculpatory evidence, make weak speculations and look only for links that connect a suspect to a crime, especially if the suspect has a previous criminal record. Picking Cotton provides an understanding of some common errors of the police investigation process. During Ronald Cottons interrogation, the detectives did not bother to record the conversation “But I noticed he wasn 't recording the conversation, so I felt that he could be writing anything down”(79) unlike they did for Jennifer. They had already labelled Ronald Cotton as the perpetrator and they told him during the interrogation “Cotton, Jennifer Thompson already identified you. We know it was you”(82). Jenifer Thompson 's testimony along with Ronald Cotton 's past criminal records gave the detectives more reason to believe Ronald committed the crime. Ronald Cotton stated “ This cop Sully, though, he had already decided I was guilty.”(84). Many investigative process have shortcomings and are breached because the officials in charge make
In order to incriminate Danial Williams, Joseph Dick, Eric Wilson, and Derek Tice with the rape and murder of Michelle Moore-Bosko, Detectives Maureen Evans and Robert Ford conducted long, grueling interrogation sessions using many provocative and manipulative tactics. Throughout this process, Ford and Evans coerced the suspects into renegotiating their perception of the crime until an entirely new reality was created. This new reality evolved as the police elicited additional confessionary evidence to account for each new piece of physical evidence from the crime scene. Eventually, in an iterative process that had police editing their theories of the crime and then forcing the suspects to claim this new reality as their own, the reconciled reality of the crime became one that was consistent with both the criminal evidence and the suspects’ new perception. An analysis of empirical m...
The Central Park Jogger case is one of false confessions to a crime, with a little help from police, which the defendants did not commit. Evidence taken at the crime scene did exclude the defendants, however, because of videotaped confessions they were sentenced to prison for a crime they admitted to committing even though they did not. It was not until many years later did the original perpetrator step forward from prison to admit he was the one who committed the crime with evidence (DNA) and firsthand knowledge of the scene. The five original defendants were released from prison but until serving a lengthy term. There are cues that can be noticed when investigators are conducting preliminary interviews that have a very high rate of success in determining the guilt or innocence of an individual. Some of these cues may be verbal such as a rehearsed response (Kassin, 2005). Other types of cues may be nonverbal body language such as a slouching (Kassin, 2005).
I wanted to look at the investigative and criminal procedures following the arrest of an alleged criminal and the powerful effects via testimonies and evidence (or lack thereof) it can have on a case.There is an importance of the courts in regards to crime that can’t be over looked. The primary function of the criminal justice system is to uphold the established laws, which define what we understand as deviant in this society.
Years ago the gruesome murders of 3 8-year-old boys shocked West Memphis Arkansas Stevie branch Christopher byers and Michael Moore second-grade playmates were beaten to death naked tied up in Shallowater.Police arrested three teenagers who were alleged devil worshiping ringleader mean Damien Echols Echols and 16-year-old Jason Baldwin denied involvement but 17-year-old Jessie Misskelley telling authorities they killed the boys Hanson counter in the woods this Kelly who defense attorneys claim has a low IQ now says the confessions workhorse despite a lack of significant physical evidence linking the teens to the crime all three were found guilty Ackles was sentenced to death.17-year-olds Jessie confesses to watching two other suspects choke rape and sexually mutilated three W. Memphis second graders.Reports according to the published report Misskelly told police he watched 18-year-old Damien Echols and 16-year-old Jason Baldwin hit the children with a club and a knife. At a press conference Inspector Gary Getchell said the case against the accused team is very strong the only problem is that the statement of sheriff Berkowitz the citizens of the state that was true was absolutely bull he knew he had to know that Dan has knows it was not a single piece of credible evidence to type any baby that most of these but the two pieces of evidence that existed at that time were a statement by a woman who is facing embezzlement charges.charges that she wouldn't play detective find out what went on in this case she knew was Kelly and she told the police that as a detective Ms. Kelly had taken her baby Neckles twisted panic S that her name was Vicky Hutchison what we know today about that I know that the show that's one piece of evidence the s...
The first appearance of the notion of silence or lack of silence occurs at the first presence of the criminal justice system: the initial meeting with a police officer. During the War on Drugs, it became common for police officers to stop and frisk people, including those without suspicious behavior, in search of drug violations. Although, not against the law, the majority of people do not know that they have the option of declining such a search and refuse to answer any questions. Professor Tracey Maclin conducted a study regarding this phenomenon concluding, “the overwhelming majority of people who are confronted by police and asked questions respond, and when asked to be searched, they comply. This is the case even among those… who have every reason to resist these tactics because they actually have something to hide” (Alexander 66). Therefore, the finding suggests that only a few people do not fear a supposed consequence of not abiding by a police officer’s request. Hence, people remain silent and do n...
Ferdico, J. N., Fradella, H. F., & Totten, C. D. (2009). Criminal Procedure for the Criminal Justice Professional (10th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
...igations today has a huge impact on false confessions. The Reid Technique is being criticized in the media because of its guilt-presumptive, aggressive, and psychologically manipulative nature. It is based on a series of assumptions that lack scientific support, and by using it they are creating hostile and coercive environment for the interrogation. The fact that they try to pass these confessions off as voluntary should also be an issue against using them since we know they are usually coerced. There are two alternatives to the Reid technique being used to interview suspects. These do not use coercion and manipulation to get confessions. The first is the PEACE Model, which is an interview technique that is more ethical, and the other technique is Cognitive interviewing which is used by police as a memory technique used to enhance the retrieval of their memory.
Depending on what study is read, the incidence of false confession is less than 35 per year, up to 600 per year. That is a significant variance in range, but no matter how it is evaluated or what numbers are calculated, the fact remains that false confessions are a reality. Why would an innocent person confess to a crime that she did not commit? Are personal factors, such as age, education, and mental state, the primary reason for a suspect to confess? Are law enforcement officers and their interrogation techniques to blame for eliciting false confessions? Regardless of the stimuli that lead to false confessions, society and the justice system need to find a solution to prevent the subsequent aftermath.
The polygraph became a valuable tools used by the different varieties of law enforcement agencies as either investigative information for evidence. By the same token, used as a hiring process in the different departments. It is used to determine the truthfulness of suspects, witness, victims, informants, and in employees. Yet there is question on the accuracy of the results when they are turned out to be not as expected, and whether or not it should be used in the process of employment. This paper will explore and discuss the art of utilizing ...
Quinsey, V. (2009). Are we there yet? stasis and progress in forensic psychology. Canadian Psychology, 50(1), 15-15-21.
The intellectual battle between police officers and suspects has been ongoing since laws were created. Who did it? Being one of the most popular questions around the globe. There is a multitude of different way to figure out who did it, but one of the most common, and often the only, piece of evidence and investigator can gather is a confession. To get these confessions investigators often use a harsh and aggressive method of interrogation known as the Reid technique. The Reid technique uses a multitude of morally questionable methods to gather a confession such as intimidation, telling the suspect that there is evidence placing them at the scene, and continually refusing to accept the denial of the suspect. These interrogations can also last
Leo, R and Ofshe R. The Social Psychology of Police Interrogation: The Theory and Classification of True and False Confessions. 16 Studies in Law, Politics and Society 189,