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Types of high yield bonds
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The high yield bond is a bond that features higher returns but with a lower credit rating than typical investment-grade bonds. These bonds can also be referred to as ‘junk bonds’ that are rated as below investment grade by organizations such as Moody’s and Standard and Poor’s. [Appendix #1] Generally, companies that issue high yield bonds may receive their rating due to a few characteristics, such as being less established than typical household brands, showing weak financial performance or they may have suffered a financial setback at some point in their corporate history. Although, high yield bonds may seem to have a relatively negative reputation among investors they possess many attractive advantages which include: diversifying portfolios, greater yields, lower volatility thus makings for a good long-term investment and the fact that bondholders have priority of recovering their money over equity security holders in the case of bankruptcy. These bonds are accessible to investors either as individual issues or through the means of high-yield mutual fund investments. On the other hand, there are certainly risks involved when investing in high yield bonds, such as credit risk where there is the possibility that the issuer defaults on the principal or interest payments over the course of the term and investment in these bonds ultimately depends on how informed the investor is and the amount of risk the investor is willing to tolerate. Similar to other types of securities there is always the threat of economic downturn and risks occurring when investing in international markets, such as political and exchange rate risks. In contrast, high yield bonds are able to mitigate interest rate risks better, and are less vulnerable to drast...
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...and the market as a whole.
Also, the usage of high yield bonds securities for financing became popular during the 1990s in foreign markets such as Latin America, Asia, and Europe showing the rise in international appeal for these kinds of securities. However, outside of the U.S the high yield market has taken a longer time to become popular and thus there is still room for the development of high yield bonds within financial markets in emerging countries. It is safe to determine that the market for high-yield bonds will always be in existence since it is a viable alternative for many fast growing firms to acquire financing and is a rewarding option for investors. The key to the still growing, strong market demand for high yield bonds is based on linking the [U.S.] economy’s constant desire for capital with investors’ desire for higher returns on their investment.
Credit rating agencies take a wide range of factors – debt raising purpose, industry outlook, corporate profile and financial measures into account when performing corporate bond rating service. Debt is raised to repurchase shares rather than the normal case of capturing expansion opportunities to strengthen cash flow. This is not going to be regarded favorable to debt holders since the debt coverage ability in terms of cash or collateral is not strengthened. UST is characterized positively by commanding market share position in the moist smokeless tobacco market, strong brand name recognition, premium product offering, pricing flexibility; negatively by lack of geographical and product diversification, market share erosion, lackluster non-core investment performance, and recent key executive reshuffle and anti-trust dispute with Conwood Co.. Besides its cash generative nature, smokeless tobacco market still is faced with legal challenges (legislation, litigation, marketing ban), slowing down growth and possibility of future health research negatively influencing customer behavior. Financial measures will be conducted in the form of pro-form income statement, key data and...
“A Death in Texas” by Steve Earle is the true-life story of a friendship that occurred over ten
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Jen, F, Choi, D, and Lee, S. (1997). Some Evidence on Why Companies Use Convertible Bonds. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance. Retrieved on June 12, 2006 from the World Wide Web at: http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/j.1745-6622.1997.tb00124.x.
However, financial situation of the firm plays a very important role in the decision of the bondholder and this company has been one of the most profitable companies America in terms of ROE, ROA ad gross profit margin. Apart from decrease in earnings and cash flow in 1997, UST had continuous increases in sales (10-year compound annual growth rate of 9%), earnings (11%) and cash flow (12%). They are generating their cash flows out of the operations. Thanks to their premium pricing, they are achieving more than average gross profit margin. So, over the years UST's revenues are stable and positive, and generally its statements are positive. The company does not have any problems with its cash flow.
Whether or not Supermax prisons, short for super-maximum security prisons, are more crucial and longer lasting, the question has been if these prisons are useful in applying lessons learned into criminals. Supermax prisons hold some of the most dangerous criminals convicted. Supermax prisons have been known to have their pros and cons. The common pros of supermax prisons was the separation of gangs as well as many other prisoners who act out in violence commonly. Although many may say that these kind of prisons are considered “concentration” and “dispersion”, supermax prisons are often needed to maintain relief of the criminals not acting out. The effectiveness of supermax prisons is what many debate on, which have made many different arguments
The weighted average of the bond yields as given on Exhibit 11 was 5.29% . Using the book value D/E ratio and other relevant information as given on Exhibit 10, such as the risk free rate or 4.56% and the given risk premium of 5%, the WACC for the proj...
The implications of these findings are as follows. The works of these academics highlight the important point that there is higher volatility of capital charges for better quality credits (Goodhart & Taylor, 2004). This is because these credits face a steeper risk curve, as the movement within the ratings scale (from one rating to another) is much greater.
William Sharpe, Gordon J. Alexander, Jeffrey W Bailey. Investments. Prentice Hall; 6 edition, October 20, 1998
Many critics have stated that the economic crack in 2008 has exposed the weaknesses in the traditional financial models including risk free rate. As a traditional cost of equity input there has been a significant decline in yields on risk free government securities. At the time many central banks brought up much of the medium and long-term bonds which some say is a cause of the lower yields (Grabowski, 2014).
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Keogh, Bryan. "The Trouble with Catastrophe Bonds." Www.businessweek.com. Bloomberg Businessweek Magazine, 21 Apr. 2011. Web. 27 Oct. 2013. .
The article titled “You Are What You Owe,” centers around the recent gridlock in Washington over the debt ceiling (Mallaby, 2011). The article explores what would have happened had the United States government not come to an agreement on the American debt ceiling. The article also relates the United States crisis to previous counties that have faced this crisis in the past (Mallaby, 2011). The article reports on the finance and economic conditions in 2011 in the United States during the debt crisis (Mallaby, 2011). The article also discusses the American credit and bond strength and government’s securities, as well as the United States federal debt (Mallaby, 2011). The Gross Domestic Product or GDP, for different countries is also discussed in this recent article (Mallaby, 2011). The United States foreign economic relationships are also explored in the article titled, “Yo...
The death penalty has been an issue of debate for several years. Whether or not we should murder murderer’s and basically commit the same crime that they are being killed for committing. People against the death penalty say that we should not use it because of that very reason. They also make claims that innocent people who were wrongly convicted could be killed. Other claims include it not working as a deterrent, it being morally wrong, and that it discriminates. Some even claim that it is cruel and unusual punishment. I would like to shed light on the issue and inform everyone as to why we should keep the death penalty and possibly even use it more than we do now.
the model of supply and demand to describe the Treasury bond market and to predict the