High Yield-Bonds A bond is debt to whoever sells the bond to an inventor. If you buy an IBM bond, you are loaning money ($1000) to IBM instead of a bank loaning money to them. Just like a bank, you are going to charge IBM interest on your money, as well as a return of principle when the loan is due (ten years later). The company does not go to the bank to borrow the money, because the bank will rate the company as a high risk company. Hence, banks are really tight with their money. High yields bond investment relies on an credit analysis in that it concentrates on issuer fundamentals, and a "bottom-up" process. It focuses more on "downside risk default and the unique characteristics of the issuer. In a portfolio of high yield bonds, they are diversified by industry group and issue type. Due to the high minimum size of bond trades, most individual investors are best advised to invest through high yield mutual funds. High yield bonds or "junk" bonds get their name form their characteristics. As credit ratings were developed, the credit agencies created a grading system to reflect the relative credit quality of bond issuers. The highest quality bonds are "AAA and the credit scale descends to "C", and finally to the "D" of default category. Bonds are considered to have and acceptable risk of default or investment grade and encompass "BBB" bonds and higher. Bonds "BB" and lower are called speculative grade and have a higher risk of default. Most investors were restricted to investment grade bonds, speculative bonds developed negative connotations and were not widely held investment portfolios. Mainstream investors and investment dealers did not deal in these bonds. They result in junk since few people would accept the risk o... ... middle of paper ... ...hreat the possess. Companies should also pay attention to the changes that occur in each particular industry. For example, the innovations in technology. Because when making long term investments, the company should make sure that they can financially adapt to the changing situations. Relative Value The last step that should be followed is determining the relative value of the bond, in contrast to the agency determined rating. Comparing the credit statistics of the company to those of the industry peers, will result in a true sense of the ratings. Analyze on the indenture (terms and conditions) of the bond: its covenants, corporate structure, security and redemption features. Finally, the company should examine the pricing of the bond in relation to alternatives in the same industry, and to bonds in other industries with comparable ratings and credit statistics.
These ratios can be used to determine the most desirable company to grant a loan to between Wendy’s and Bob Evans. Wendy’s has a debt to assets ratio of 34.93% while Bob Evans is 43.68%. When it comes to debt to asset ratios, the company with the lower percentage has the lowest risk. Therefore, Wendy’s is more desirable than Bob Evans. In the area of debt to equity ratios, Wendy’s comes in at 84.31% while Bob Evans comes in at 118.71%. Like debt to assets, a low debt to equity ratio indicates less risk in a company. Again, Wendy’s is the less risky company. Finally, Wendy’s has a times interest earned ratio of 4.86 while Bob Evans owns a 3.78. Unlike the previous two ratios, times interest earned ratio is measured on a scale of 1 to 5. The closer the ratio is to 5, the less risky a company is. From the view of a banker, any ratio over 2.5 is an acceptable risk. Both companies are an acceptable risk, however, Wendy’s is once again more desirable. Based on these findings, Wendy’s is the better choice for banks to loan money to because of the lower level of
A collateral bond is backed by an asset, usually common stock, that adds security and reduces the risk of the bond to the bondholder. If the bond has collateral, the risk of the bond is less so the coupon rate will likely be lower because the bondholder is receiving extra for the added security. If the bond doesn’t have collateral, the risk is greater for the bondholder, so S&S will pay a higher coupon rate to make up for the higher risk. Adding collateral to a bond makes the bond more attractive to bondholders and would it make it easier for S&S Air to sell the bonds but it would also mean that S&S would have to invest more into the bonds they were issuing.
However, financial situation of the firm plays a very important role in the decision of the bondholder and this company has been one of the most profitable companies America in terms of ROE, ROA ad gross profit margin. Apart from decrease in earnings and cash flow in 1997, UST had continuous increases in sales (10-year compound annual growth rate of 9%), earnings (11%) and cash flow (12%). They are generating their cash flows out of the operations. Thanks to their premium pricing, they are achieving more than average gross profit margin. So, over the years UST's revenues are stable and positive, and generally its statements are positive. The company does not have any problems with its cash flow.
The first method we will review is the accounting method. Through this accounting approach we will analyze specific ratios and their possible impact on the company's performance. The specific ratios we will review include the return on total assets, return on equity, gross profit margin, earnings per share, price earnings ratio, debt to assets, debt to equity, accounts receivable turnover, total asset turnover, fixed asset turnover, and average collection period. I will explain each ratio in greater detail, and why I have included it in this analysis, when I give the results of each specific ratio calculation.
Shareholder will benefit from the incremental value produce by the development of new products, and the growth of the company
What is a bond? Bonds are often considered by investors to be “financial IOU's.” Frequently, bonds are issued from banks designed for quick, upfront cash used in lending purposes, such as loans. When purchasing a bond, the buyer pays an upfront sum of money to the seller. By the terms and conditions...
Namely, a conspiracy between originating firms and the rating agencies, to rate the bonds as triple-A (investment grade) when they basically contained subprime junk and were super risky. If lenders would fail to make their scheduled payments, the loans would go sour, and eventually go into default, causing the bonds to crash. Lewis writes “all that was needed was a 7 percent loss in the
Organizations that decide to issue bonds generally go through a series of steps. Discuss the six steps.
Competition for insurance money causes facilities to increase their technology to attract the insured. Once one facility has increased its technology other facilities need to increase their technology to remain competitive.
In this case analysis I will first show the requirements the company had for its financing. Then I will
...et themselves get into the mindset that because their company dominates their competitors in the past and present they will always do so in their market. A leader that is responsive to change will be better able to make their corporation flexible.
Zero coupon bonds, more commonly known as “strips” or “zeros”, are fixed income securities that unlike other bonds, pay no interest until maturity. This means that instead of paying semi-annual interest like other bonds, the interest is compounded throughout the life of the bond and is paid in full upon maturity. Zero coupon bonds are ideal long-term investments for people who have a specific situation, which calls for a specific amount of money to be acquired at a future date, mainly ten to twenty years in the future. These bonds offer a great variety of benefits that are attractive to investors who are looking for more of a long-term investment. They also pose a few drawbacks, but are outweighed by their advantages which make them a sound investment.
Bond is a kind of financial contract, which is issued by the government, financial institutions, industrial and commercial enterprises directly to the society to borrow money, issued to the investors, at the same time promised to pay interest at a certain rate and repay the principal according to the agreed conditions. On the other side, a stock is a security issued by a stock company for the purpose of raising funds
Both employing organizations and individuals must be prepared for the coming changes or fund their success limited. As for businesses, globalization and a rapidly evolving workforce are redefining how we think about competence, creativity, productivity, and the structuring of organizations.
Junk bonds also known as high yield bonds or speculative bonds which are bonds that rated ‘BB’ or lower due to high default risk involved. Therefore, the returns for this type of bond also higher compared to investment grade bonds of the same maturity. “Go active, or don’t go at all” said Samuel Lee, the ETF strategist with Morningstar and editor of Morningstar ETF Investor. Junk bonds occasionally experience sharp losses because of their greater illiquidity, worsening maximum drawdown.