In set 1 the bond angle for ethane, propane, 2-methylprpane, and 2,2-dimethylpropane were found. One that that was noticed was that all of the values were fairly close ranging from 108-111 degrees.this may be due to the fact that the structures are similar to one another. On the other hand, because the numbers are not identical due to it being different structures it makes sense for the values to be different. In data set 2 the bond angle was observed again but instead for methyl fluoride, methyl chloride, methyl bromide, and methyl iodide. A difference that was noticed was unlike the first set the angles are all identical that being 109.5. However, both of the sets are searching for the bond angle of similar structures however this set is …show more content…
However, in set 7 all of the bond angles were 1.74 with the expection of ethyl chloride which had a 1.80 bond length. In problem set 4 there’re enthalpy values were extremely high compared to set 8 which were in the negatives as well but, the values were closer to the lower end. However, the enthalpy did result in negative values. Problem set 5 was the only set that added which atom bears the greatest positive charge in a particular iron which was unlike the other sets. Also, this set required 2 values to be reported and the question in of itself was a comparison. However, the values were really close. Each set had a negative and a positive number reported. It can be inferred that the odd carbon number bore a negative value. Like stated before, the values of the bond distance of each compound were fairly close to one another. However,although the spelling of the compounds were almost identical they were all different compounds and had different distances for each one. As stated before, set 7 reported all positive values. Although the charge of the carbonyl carbon was asked to be found for each of the four questions in this set, the compound in which the carbonyl carbon was attached to were all
...e 3. Both letters A and B within the structure of trans-9-(2-phenylethenyl) anthracene, that make up the alkene, have a chemical shift between 5-6 ppm and both produce doublets because it has 1 adjacent hydrogen and according to the N + 1 rule that states the number of hydrogens in the adjacent carbon plus 1 provides the splitting pattern and the number of peaks in the split signal, which in this case is a doublet.1 Letters C and D that consist of the aromatic rings, both are multiplets, and have a chemical shift between 7-8 ppm. 1H NMR could be used to differentiate between cis and trans isomers of the product due to J-coupling. When this occurs, trans coupling will be between 11 and 19 Hz and cis coupling will be between 5 and 14 Hz, showing that cis has a slightly lowered coupling constant than trans, and therefore have their respective positions in a product. 2
After performing the second TLC analysis (Figure 4), it was apparent that the product had purified because of the separation from the starting spot, unlike Figure 3. In addition, there was only spot that could be seen on the final TLC, indicating that only one isomer formed. Since (E,E) is the more stable isomer due to a less steric hindrance relative to the (E,Z) isomer, it can be inferred that (E,E) 1,4-Diphenyl-1,3-butadiene was the sole product. The proton NMR also confirmed that only (E,E) 1,4-Diphenyl-1,3-butadiene formed; based on literature values, the (E,E) isomer has peaks between 6.6-7.0 ppm for vinyl protons and 7.2-7.5 ppm for the phenyl protons. Likewise, the (E,Z) isomer has vinyl proton peaks at 6.2-6.5 ppm and 6.7-6.9 ppm in addition to the phenyl protons. The H NMR in Figure 5 shows multiplets only after 6.5 ppm, again confirming that only (E,E) 1,4-Diphenyl-1,3-butadiene formed. In addition, the coupling constant J of the (E,E) isomer is around 14-15 Hz, while for the (E,Z) isomer it is 11-12 Hz. Based on the NMR in Figure 5, the coupling constant is 15.15 Hz, complementing the production of (E,E)
Both gasoline and ethanol have been around since the time of Henry Ford. Gasoline has been the more accessible of all of them. Ethanol and natural gas have been gaining more support over the years and now gasoline contains ten percent ethanol. Propane is mostly used in fleet vehicles. Cars today can run on gasoline with a little ethanol, but too much ethanol can severely damage a vehicle. Only flex fuel vehicles can handle more than ten percent ethanol in a system. Natural gas vehicles are starting to come onto the market. All three fuels have their pros and cons, but the ultimate decision is up to the consumer.
Fully describes the crystallochemical relationships between the structures and the temperature dependence of polymorphism. )
Gasoline and the economy, the impact it has on the society. The current gas prices have a larger impact on consumer spending, however not so much on the percent of gasoline purchased, after all people still have to drive themselves places. (consumer psychologist.com) A major increase in cost will be necessary to lessen the quantity demanded. Gasoline is too costly and harmful to the economy and the environment thereby society needs to find alternative fuels, which best serve, the society.
Within the last unit of Chemistry, the cause of ionic and covalent properties was revealed. The true predictor of the compound lies in the bonds that take place. Normally within an ionic bond there is a non-metal and a metal element bonded together. During the bonding elements completely transfer valence electrons between atoms. The metal within the bond loses the few electrons that it has in the outer-most shell which then causes the metal to achieve the octet rule. The nonmetals within the bond then gain the electrons to fill their outer-most shell and achieve the octet rule. On the other had covalent bonding is the sharing of valence electrons between atoms. Covalent bonding usually occurs between two nonmetals, due to similar electronegativity or same electron affinity. They are forced to share electrons rather than gain or lose an electron, and are still able to achieve octet rule. Due to the fact that ionic bonds transfer electrons and covalent bonds share electrons, there are many differing properties formed by the two...
The molar mass of my unknown is 96.835 g/mol; the density is 0.8601 g/Ml; the boiling point is 68.5℃ and the molecular and empirical formulas are C_4 H_9 Cl. (Table 1) The molar mass of 2-Chlorobutane is 92.039 g/mol; the density is 0.87 g/mL; the boiling point is 69.2℃; and the empirical and molecular formulas are C_4 H_9 Cl. (ChemSpider) The properties all match up and they helped me identify my unknown. During the experiment and the later research that followed, I learned how to identify what a compound using its intrinsic properties and how isomers function in the real world. I found out that 2-Chlorobutane has an estimated amount of 6 isomers and that shape sometimes does define how a compound works. The isomers all have the same formulas, however the differently arranged bonds change the whole compound. I also learned how to measure the atmospheric pressure using a barometer in the classroom and this experiment really improved my understanding of Chemistry concepts involving mass calculations. One of the most important concepts I have learned from this research paper and my data analysis, is that good Chemistry experiments require more than 2 trials and precise procedures that can be
I do believe that gasoline is very inelastic. The reason I say that gasoline is an inelastic product is because changes in prices have small influence on its demand. For example, even if the price of gasoline triples the next day, people will still buy gasoline to get to their destination. Current prices on gasoline are likely to have a larger impact on consumer spending, and a smaller impact on the quantity of gasoline bought. Instead, gasoline prices would most likely affect other areas of spending like entertainment, electronics, vacations, and etc. In the short term, it would be difficult to reduce gas consumption. It would be much more profitable to cancel “road trips”, or buy a car with better gas mileage. However, some people aren’t
one, but all in a body and at once. A sedate electrician somewhere in a back
Ionic bonds are attraction that holds oppositely charged ions close together. Ions are atoms that is no longer neutral because it gained or lost an electron. Covalent bonds are chemical bonds formed when atoms share electrons. Based on our topic, we didn’t have a lot of numbers, so we made a chart with pictures of each substance and the observation. For whole milk, the colors mixed and swirled faster. For skim milk, it was slower. For water, not a lot happened but all these changes were with only the dish soap not with the dry swab. In water, the colors red and yellow, we weren’t able to see really well because our dish plates were red but blue and green did spread but not a lot. In the lab. we all had jobs to do. For example, one person was recording/taking a picture, other person was
Chemical reactions involve the making and breaking of bonds. It is essential that we know what bonds are before we can understand any chemical reaction. To understand bonds, we will first describe several of their properties. The bond strength tells us how hard it is to break a bond. Bond lengths give us valuable structural information about the positions of the atomic nuclei. Bond dipoles inform us about the electron distribution around the two bonded atoms. From bond dipoles we may derive electronegativity data useful for predicting the bond dipoles of bonds that may have never been made before.
NiSource is one of the biggest natural gas distribution companies in the USA. Company is not responsible for the production of natural gas, but rather purchases fossil fuel at the source and transmits supply thru its pipelines to industries and local costumers. Natural gas can be transported to distribution facilities in two ways: underground gas pipelines or shipped by the sea in LNG tankers. In nature during the extraction, natural gas exists as a gas, which needs to be captured by special pipeline system designed for gathering processes. Captured gas contains water and other impurities that have to be removed in production well. In order to be transported, it needs to be cooled and transformed into liquid, which increases transportation efficiency to processing units and improves transportation cost ratio. Regasification is the process when "wet", liquid natural gas is processed and changed to pipeline quality natural gas. Natural gas needs to be turned back to gas in order to be useful for residential and commercial customers. This process needs to be monitored and measured for quality and content of natural gas due to the risk of pipeline rupture and safety. "Natural gas entering the system that is not within certain specific gravities, pressures, Btu content range, or water content level will cause operational problems, pipeline deterioration, or even cause pipeline rupture."1 Natural gas transported to distributors is called "dry" gas due to the physical state.
The process of gas exchange is very important in living things as it allows the production of energy which is required in body cells in order for life process such as reproduction to take place. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are the main gases involved in this process. Gas exchange is the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of the cells. It is essential for respiration to occur. A carbon dioxide build up in the body is extremely dangerous so this must be removed from the body. Respiration is a process which is required for living things as it removes carbon dioxide from the body and replaces it with oxygen, this being a requirement for survival.
For a long time gasoline has dominated our world. It has been only now in the late 20th century to now that new fuels have surfaced to challenge the might of gasoline. One type of alternative energy that can be used instead of gasoline is hydrogen fuel cells. Ever since 2003 when President Bush announced the Hydrogen Fuel Initiative car companies have been trying to develop Hydrogen fuel cell cars that are cost effective and practical. Alone the USA has invested billions of dollars on fuel cell research and development.
Recently, the United States has experienced a boom in natural gas exploration and extraction. This has come about mainly because of the discovery of huge natural gas reserves in the Marcellus Shale Formation, an area of bedrock that stretches throughout much of the northeastern Appalachians and covers states like Pennsylvania and New York. Thus, the discovery of these reservoirs of natural gas in the region (and in other parts of the U.S.) have led to increased extraction and production of natural gas as an alternative fuel source. Natural gas as a natural resource has several benefits but it also exhibits some drawbacks. LNG (liquefied natural gas) has been an especially hot topic as corporations are looking to save money while helping to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.