I. INTRODUCTION
Primary and secondary batteries are used for low power devices. Primary batteries are non rechargeable and it is much cheaper. Secondary batteries are rechargeable which is used in mobile phones. A diode is connected between the solar PV module and DC-DC boost converter in order to avoid the discharge of batteries at null or low irradiance.
The extracted voltage and current of PV is found to calculate the power of PV module. This is applied to low power PV module less than 1W. The voltage at which the maximum power occurs is called the maximum power point (MPP). An MPPT includes in a charge controller used for extracting maximum available power from PV module. Perturb and Observe (P&O) tracking algorithm is used for its flexibility and simple construction. The major drawback of P&O algorithm is not determines when it actually reached its MPP under steady state operation as the output power oscillates around the MPP.
High performance MPPT includes pulse width modulation (PWM) used in large scale PV module, whereas low performance MPPT includes pulse frequency modulation (PFM) used in small scale PV module. PFM is used instead of PWM to attain better efficiency at low power levels. PWM continuously activate the switches of the converter at a fixed frequency whereas PFM adjusts the switching activity of the available power. Higher ripple current can be produced for the frequency modulation which reduces the efficiency. To reduce this problem current limiter is used for higher switching frequency.
The power is obtained from PV module as light energy is converted into electrical energy. The power consumption ranges in maximum power point tracker in subwatts.
II. PROPOSED SYSTEM
A bl...
... middle of paper ...
...lications,” Electron. Lett, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 296–298, Feb. 2010.
[7] A. Dolgov, R. Zane, and Z. Popovic, “Power management system for online low power RF energy harvesting optimization,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, Reg. Papers, vol. 57, no. 7, pp. 1802–1811, Jul. 2010.
[8] A. Dolgov, R. Zane, and Z. Popovic, “Power management system for online low power RF energy harvesting optimization,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, Reg. Papers, vol. 57, no. 7, pp. 1802–1811, Jul. 2010.
[9] O. Lopez-Lapena, M. T. Penella, and M. Gasulla, “A new MPPT method for low-power solar energy harvesting,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 9, pp. 3129–3138, Sep. 2010.
[10] Y. K. Tan and S. K. Panda, “Optimized wind energy harvesting system using resistance emulator and active rectifier for wireless sensor nodes,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 38–50, Jan. 2011.
This paper propose an adequate approach of charging and recharging Smartphone batteries by Converting Power to Data and transmitted through a Wi-Fi ( Radio Wave) connectivity, also interconnect with Power consumption application that will automate and asynchrous power consumptions . The outcome of this research is recharge Smartphone batteries whenever Wi-Fi connectivity is available and accessible. And not to worry
Solar energy is energy taken from the light that reaches earth's surface from the sun. There are four different kinds of solar energy, which are active solar systems, passive solar systems, photovoltaic cells and concentrating power systems. An active solar systems is a system that captures solar energy by mechanical means. Common active solar systems are often in buildings or homes. Some examples are roof collectors and water heating. Low Intensity and high variability have limited the use of active solar energy in Canada. A pass...
The effectiveness of PV module depends on how perpendicular the sunrays fall on the PV. If PV is facing toward the sun, it produces maximum power. Stationary solar panels cannot face toward the sun all day as sun moves. However, maximum radiation depends on two other aspects of stationary solar panels. One is the direction and the other is the tilt angle of the panels. A meter long panels can generate maximum of 1000W, if sunlight strikes directly on it. Few factors affect the sunlight strikes a PV panel. When the sunlight passes through the air, air molecules such as dust, vapor, clouds, volcanoes can absorb some of the radiation. This absorbed part of radiation is known as diffuse solar radiation. Atmospheric conditions have great effect on solar radiation. The solar radiation can decrease 10% to 100% depending on
6) Michele Zorzi, “Wireless Sensor and networks: Recent trends and Research Issues’’, University of Padova, Italy, IEEE communication society, Poland, April 28-30, 2008.
This paper introduces the use of the voltage multiplier technique and passive absorption circuit applied to the non-isolated dc-dc converter in order to obtain high efficiency and high voltage gain. A passive absorption circuit is inserted in the interleaved flyback converter to transfer the leakage energy to load. The operation principle of the circuit is explained. This paper also deals with MPPT controlled high step up dc-dc converter. The switching element used in the flyback converter is MOSFETs, which is completely on and completely off. This is because MOSFET has high power rating and high switching speed. Moreover, high voltage conversion ratio is achieved. The simulated results are presented with R load.
Solar Photovoltaic power is one of the rapid growing energy sources in the world. The need for energy security and stability is driving governments across the world to promote and develop renewable power sources. The global solar Photovoltaic market witnessed high growth in 2009 and 2010, with 24,600 MW of installed capacity coming online in these two years compared to the 8,912 MW installed in 2007 and 2008. Cumulative installed capacity increased from 16,127 MW in 2008 to 40,727 MW in 2010. Europe is the leading solar PV market, with a share of 76% of the total cumulative installed capacity, followed by the Asia-Pacific region, accounting for a share of 16.0% in 2010.
Bolla, R., Bruschi, R., Davoli, F., Di Gregorio, L., Donadio, P., Fialho, L., & Szemethy, T. (2013). The green abstraction layer: A standard power-management interface for next-generation network devices. IEEE Internet Computing, 17(2), 82. doi: 10.1109/MIC.2013.39
Main types of battery are available for use i.e. primary and secondary. Primary batteries are used for a single time until they discharged because they are not rechargeable like zinc–carbon batteries, alkaline batteries etc. but secondary batteries are rechargeable they can be used again and again like nickel–cadmium (NiCd), lithium-ion (Li-ion) cell etc.
Basic Mathematics for Electronics seventh edition: Nelson M. Cooke, Herbert F.R Adams, Peter B. Dell, T. Adair Moore; Copyright 1960
Although Solar Energy is a flexible source of where energy could be directly or indirectly converted into forms of energy, it’s still not perfect. With its inefficiency, scientists are trying to find alternative solution to store solar cells for as long as possible. The main process of capturing solar energy happens at the nanoscale. With solar cells, it gets more efficient the tinier it gets. The converting rate of solar energy is equally price competitive as fossil fuel, with a dollar per watt of solar energy. With the help of nanotechnology, it could help raise solar energy conversion efficiency and help lower costs making it the ultimate method of raw energy conversion. To make sure the process of generating energy is kept at a low cost and energy output...
are working on this technology and they are optimistic that by using power electronics they will reduce 70 percent power consumption .
According to Mr. Solar.com, “this type of energy production, known as the Photovoltaic Effect, is achieved by solar panels converting sunlight into energy. Solar panels are made up of several individual solar cells, composed of layers of silicon, phosphorous (which provides the negative charge), and boron (which provides the positive charge). Solar panels absorb the sunlight’s photons and by doing so initiate an electric current, producing electrons. The resulting energy generated from photons striking the surface of the solar panel allows electrons to be knocked out of their atomic orbits and released into an electric field generated by the solar cells, which then pull these free electrons into a DC or directional current.” This electricity then proceeds to a mechanical room beneath our house to a charge controller, which regulates the amount of energy sent to our 24V batteries to be stored.
The number of Electrical and electronic devices running on electricity are increasing at a rapid rate. At the same time the amount of electricity utilized by these devices is also increasing at high rate due to increased complexity in applications which are to be executed, thus overall electric utilization is increasing. Further wastage and over utilization became a concern making power efficiency of a device even more essential. Thus amount of power needed to run an application or execute a command becomes one of the main constraint of the device's efficiency. This is the area which is to be focused because of growing operational costs on servers. In this report we will discuss in brief about various techniques used for power management and our topic of interest along with their merits and demerits. We recommend some of the solutions for existing problems.
A wireless sensor network is a wireless network consisting of spatially distributed autonomous devices using sensors.They have the ability to monitor the physical as well as the environmental conditions.It is being widely adopted as a promising solution to numerous numbers of challenges which are being faced today. Sensor nodes, also known as motes, not only have limited amount of storage as well as processing capability which is a severe problem but also another constraint is the limited amount of energy of these sensor nodes. Dissipation of the nodes energy poses very critical issueas the lifetime of the node is limited by its battery capacity inwireless sensor network.
It converts the mechanical energy of the rotating shaft caused by wind into electrical energy (Correla, 1986). The focus of this research will be limited to devices that operate as electrical motors.... ... middle of paper ... ...