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Literature review of critical thinking
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Meeting the Standards of Critical Thinking
The student paper entitled “The Effects of Predisposed Mental Illness and Religious Trauma” by Woolridge Grant describes the life and experiences of the writer, who is predisposed to mental illness and has suffered religious trauma. The paper represents all standards of critical thinking excellently but especially clarity, relevance, and depth. The student directly addressed his personal situation and was able to use critical thinking skills to determine the reasons for the outcomes of his perilous situation.
The essay describes the personal experiences of Woolridge Grant clearly and effortlessly and allowed me to feel the broken hearted moments within the paper. The clarity of description of the family lineage, which predisposed the
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author to mental illness, was particularly clear. According to the Critical Thinking Community, “clarity is the gateway to the other standards of critical thinking” (Elder). Thus the standard that Grant was able to most effectively complete in his paper is the most crucial standard of critical thinking to address because it affects the trajectory of his claim. Without clarity in describing his family’s circumstance, Grant would not have been able to convince me adequately that he was predisposed to mental illness and religious trauma. Grant’s clarity in the description of his grandfather and his family’s religious practices made his claims believable, convincing, and relevant. The essay continued to meet the standards of critical thinking by addressing a problem with a relevant personal anecdote.
The problem “at hand” in Grant’s essay was his genetic inclination towards mental illness and the trauma he faced when exiting his religion from revealing his sexual preference. The relevance of his story, struggles, and pain bring forth added clarity to his problem of mental illness and religious trauma. His detail in the amount of pain and ridicule he received after communicating his sexual orientation to his family members are the most relevant to his problem. Through these relevant descriptions he is able to communicate the horrific extent of the religious trauma placed on his mental state during this time. According to Michael W. Austin, a professor at Eastern Kentucky University, “relevance means that the information and ideas discussed must be logically relevant to the issue being discussed.” (Austin). When analyzing Woolridge Grant’s writing through the lens of Michael Austin’s definition of relevance, it is easy to asset that Grant has effectively demonstrated the standard of relevance in his writing by including a detailed and provocative personal
anecdote. In Grant’s relevant personal anecdote, there is no lack of depth. Grant explains three different perspectives of individuals in his life that contributed to his mental illness and religious trauma. He first analyzes his maternal grandfather’s experiences with infants and anxiety. He then included the perspective of his mother’s personal bout of anxiety that he used to explain the genetic trend for his own mental illness. By including his maternal grandfather’s perspective, he is able to add another level of depth to his claim that his mental illness was genetically inherited. The third perspective he includes in his anecdote is his father’s. He describes his father’s struggle with Major Depressive Disorder and the way the illness affected his father’s employment. With the inclusion of three familial perspectives, Grant is able to bring added depth and persuasion to his claim that his mental illness is derived from a genetic predisposition. Grant’s claims that his mental illness and religious trauma were well supported by his demonstration of clarity, relevance and depth. Grant displayed clarity in his approach of a personal anecdote where he clearly described his life events and the causes for his mental illness and religious trauma. He also proved to the reader that his religious trauma was relevant to his problem because of the detail of the horrific events that led to his lowest moments. Grant’s depth also added further fidelity to his claims and illustrated the strenuous experiences he went through to find healing and inner piece. Overall, Grant’s essay epitomized each standard of critical thinking. His paper especially embodied the standards of clarity, relevance and depth due to his excellent personal anecdote and inward personal analysis.
As society continues to change, it is important for Christians to realize that they must respond in new and different ways. The original publisher, Tindale House, published this essay as an informative measure while Baker Academic uses this essay as a way to teach how to evaluate a specific style of writing. This essay's purpose is to not only be a source of information, but also an essay that can be evaluated in order to learn about a specific style of writing.
The start of this article focuses on a Christian client named George who is plagued with feelings of worthlessness, depression, low self-esteem, and suicide. His mother had also battled depression, and his father had an abusive relationship with alcohol, which caused his father to have verbally and physically abusive altercations with George and his mother. The abusive experiences that George was exposed to as a child paved the way for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder as an adult (Garzon, 2005). With all of these factors present in this client’s life, a treatment plan was created that involved scripture interventions. The author made sure to touch on the fact that every client is unique in the hopes that counselors would be aware that one type of scripture intervention might work for one client and not work for another. The article highlights three guiding values when considering these types of interventions; “respect for the client’s autonomy/freedom, sensitivity to and empathy for the client’s religious and spiritual beliefs, and flexibility and responsiveness to the client’s religious and spiritual beliefs.”(Garzon, 2005). ...
The lecture hall filled with the audience members’ conversations in the gymnasium-sized room, which the microphone on the podium in center stage amplified. Through the double door entrance to the hall walked a conference attendee named Adam Moore, who found his seat in the last of many perfectly aligned rows of folding chairs. He began reading the brochure handed to him as he arrived and “homosexuality” being on the list of discussion topics intrigued him because he is an openly homosexual member of the Episcopal Church. After all the discussions had concluded and the ministers and clergy answered every question, Moore approached Father McAllister and asked him to explain some of the Catholic Church’s teachings to him. Father McAllister happily agreed and they both returned to the lecture hall to have their conversation. Father McAllister sat next to Moore, who reclaimed his conference seat. Moore explained that although there were many topics he did not fully understand in Catholic Church teaching, there was only one he wanted to discuss with him. He sought to understand what the Catholic Church taught on the topic of homosexuality and what the Church’s opposition was to homosexual relationship...
The human experience is what connects people to one another. What we experience defines who we are and who we become. It also defines how we interact with others. The amazing thing is that not only do the events that bring joy, peace and happiness connect us but also those that bring anxiety, fear and despair. This brings to light the fact that God somehow in his sovereignty uses all things for the good of those who love Him. These ideas are brought to light in Jerry Sittser’s book, A Grace Disguised which is his personal journey of loss and the insight and experience that was gained in the face of great tragedy. In his book, Sittser discusses various insights he has gained, such as how Christian’s view sorrow, how families recover when someone they love develops a mental disorder, and the Christian view on suffering and forgiveness. I believe that the author has written a book that has many universal truths that can be applied to anyone’s life and they have the ability to bring healing to many. His ideas can also aid professionals who work with the mentally ill in becoming more compassionate.
David Entwistle’s Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity David Entwistle's (2010) Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity is geared more towards Christians with conservative evangelical views and provides the reader with an outline to different worldview disputes and truth-seeking groundwork that surround the connection that underlies psychology and theology. In addition to analyzing the possible connection between psychology and theology, Entwisle discusses the consideration of integrating Christian faith with the practice of psychology. “Christian understandings of person-hood, the purpose of human life, our need for God, and the ethical teachings of Christian faith are integral to psychology, not merely parallel to it” (p. 199). Entwistle’s viewpoint on this matter is clearly stated. He believes that it is necessary for theology and psychology to be integrated in order to fully understand human nature.
Religion in May 1966. It was reprinted with comments and a rejoined in The Religious Situation.
Scientists in fields connected to neurobiology and psychiatry remain mystified about the cause of Conversion Disorder. The disorder is characterized by physical symptoms of a neurological disorder, yet no direct problem can be found in the nervous system or other related systems of the body. This fact alone is not unusual; many diseases and symptoms have unknown origins. Conversion Disorder, however, seems to stem from "trivial" to traumatic psychological events and emotions rather than biological events. The extreme symptoms often disappear as quickly as they appear without the patient consciously controlling or feigning them. Thus, Conversion Disorder serves as a significant example of how blurred the conceived demarcated divisions of mind/body/behavior can be.
Throughout the world and the history of human’s existence, the nature of God and ourselves has been questioned constantly. Everywhere we turn, we see Insanity in our society today, and it’s interesting to give it a second thought, to wonder what it really means to be mentally unstable. As long as the universe goes on, living people may never know the answer; all we can do is form opinions, think, imagine, wait, listen, and develop sensitivity to all of our surroundings, where truth could be hiding anywhere, in anyone.
Throughout history people who manifested an attraction for others of the same sex usually have gone through a lot of maltreatments, discrimination, and have often been regarded as “sexual deviants.” Relationships between people of the same sex have been present since the beginning of history. Their lives have not always been easy, because they have been persecuted and sometimes even forced to go through a psychiatric evaluation. At the same time, in order to gain their rights and dignity, they had to take their fight to the legal system because as George Chauncey, a professor of history at Yale University mentioned, “although most people recognize that gay life was difficult before growth of the gay movement in the 1970s, they often have only the vaguest sense of why: that gay people were scorned and ridiculed, made to feel ashamed, afraid, and alone” (290). However, discrimination and maltreatment were not the only reasons homosexuals had to take their struggle to the courts. An American professor of history at Yale University, who has testified in a number of gay rights cases, has exposed the ins and outs of the legal system in the second half of the twentieth century. During this time, a great number of states had created laws, which authorized the indefinite detention of homosexuals in mental institutions, and conditioned their release upon proving that they were cured from homosexuality (Chauncey 294). This past history, together with studies conducted by some prestigious institutions have lead society to understand that the right to homosexual marriage is economically, ethically, and morally correct, because it would benefit the economy and society by increasing the federal budget and creating a legal status for homosexual c...
In Trauma and Faith, Dr. Eriksson posed a question that caught on something inside of me and I have not been able to shake it since. She asked what we are to do with clients that are the perpetrators of trauma or whose trauma has led them to perpetuate the cycle. That stuck with me since in the field we mostly talk about treating the survivors not the perpetrators. As if divinely planned, a few weeks later I did an intake with a client at my practicum that embodied this very question. A member of a familial gang since birth, the client had experienced horrific trauma from a young age. Throughout his life, he had then inflicted great violence and trauma on those around him. My experience of sitting with this man who was both survivor and perpetrator,
The acceptance of “abnormal” sexualities has been a prolonged, controversial battle. The segregation is excruciating and the prejudice remarks are so spiteful that some people never truly recover. Homosexuals have been left suffering for ages. Life, for most homosexuals during the first half of the twentieth century, was mostly one of hiding: having to constantly hide their true feelings and tastes. Instead of restaurants and movies, they had to sit quiet in the dark and meet each other in concealed places such as bars. Homosexuals were those with “mental and psychic abnormalities” and were the victim of medical prejudice, police harassment, and church condemnation (Jagose 24). The minuscule mention or assumption of one’s homosexuality could easily lead to the loss of family, livelihood, and sometimes even their lives. It was only after the Stonewall riots and the organization of gay/lesbian groups that times for homosexuals started to look brighter.
Wood, D. B. (2000, March 2). Protecting marriage or marginalizing homosexuals? The Christian Science Monitor.
From the sources that are used within this essay they are all secondary sources. Without first person experice of someone who is LGBTQ and/or a person with disabilities. Nancy J. Hirschmann examines fear felt towards or about disabilities and LGBTQ. Her examination of fear links in well with Jan Zita Groves look back on the AIDS crises of the 1980s and how ableism was a way of expressing the fear of the disease along with LGBTQ identity. The overarching secondary source is David M. Halperin’s examination of ancient societies and how their sexual behaviors can be seen similar to what is known today as homosexuality.
In this essay, I will explain how religion is sometimes used to mobilize against LGBT people, how some people’s religious and personal doctrines conflict regarding LGBT issues, and how religious belief and community can be a positive force for the LGBT community.
If a faculty advisor censors an article written by a gay student, they are following their traditional viewpoints against the homosexual lifestyle. Several researchers have addressed the issue of sexual preferences and consequential discriminative beliefs. According to research by Herek (1987), religion is one of the most important social agents in defining viewpoints against homosexuality, and their intolerance reflects on both the academic community and the entire society. As a moral realist, I cannot form prejudices because the main rule of moral realism states that the objective truth is not related to subjective beliefs. The perlocutionary analysis will be used in evaluating and responding to the issue because my goal is to persuade the faculty advisor that censoring articles based the author's sexual preferences is morally incorrect. In the letter, I will aim to persuade the faculty advisor that the ethical decision-making model behind removing the article is at fault, and I will explain both personal and community worldviews that endorse diversity while avoiding generalized statements to preserve the relationship with my significant other.