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Chapter 2 theories of development adolescent development
Chapter 2 theories of development adolescent development
What are the stages of adolescence
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If one were to identify a time in life when the recognition of a homosexual identity would be most disruptive, adolescence would be at the top of the list. According to psychologist Erik Erikson, adolescence is a time of identity versus confusion. During adolescence, children are exploring their independence and developing a sense of self. Those who receive proper encouragement and reinforcement through personal exploration will emerge from this stage with a strong sense of self and a feeling of independence and control. Those who remain unsure of their beliefs and desires will insecure and confused about themselves and the future (Crain, 2000). The successful completion of these steps can be impeded by identifying one self as a sexual minority. Andrew Sullivan articulates his experience as a homosexual teen in his essay “What Is A Homosexual?” Homosexual adolescents learn from an early age that “survival depends on self-concealment (Sullivan, 2008).” Sullivan illustrates the internal struggle of the homosexual adolescent with a powerful statement, stating “...that which would give him the most meaning is most likely to destroy him in the eyes of others; that the condition of his friendships is the subjugation of himself (Sullivan, 2008).” The use of the word destroy is a haunting acknowledgement to the bullying that occurs throughout our schools and social media sites. The notion that homosexual adolescents don’t simply keep his or her sexual orientation private, but suppress this aspect of his or her being is detrimental to developing a strong sense of self. Sullivan’s description of the experience of growing up as someone “profoundly different in emotional and psychological makeup” reiterates how challenging it is for... ... middle of paper ... ...elors. Journal of Counseling and Development, 36-40. Crain, W. C. (2000). Theories of Development: Concepts and Applications. Saddle River: Prentice-Hall. Elias, T. D. (2000, January 24). Gays Advance in California. Insight on the News. Knickerbocker, B. (2000, September 11). Election Spotlights Battle Over Gay Rights. The Christian Science Monitor. Raspberry, W. (2000, May 1). Why Not Encourage Monogamy? The Washington Post. Soule, S. A. (2004). Going to the Chapel? Same Sex Marriage Bans in the United States. Social Problems, 453-477. Teicher, S. A. (1999, July 19). Debate Heats up over same sex marriages. The Christian Science Monitor. Teicher, S. A. (1999, December 22). Ruling will stir states on same sex marriages. The Christian Science Monitor. Wood, D. B. (2000, March 2). Protecting marriage or marginalizing homosexuals? The Christian Science Monitor.
Roberts, Dan, and Sabrina Siddiqui. “Gay marriage declared legal across the US in historic supreme court ruling.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 26 June 2015, www.theguardian.com/society/2015/jun/26/gay-marriage-legal-supreme-court.
The constitutional right of gay marriage is a hot topic for debate in the United States. Currently, 37 states have legal gay marriage, while 13 states have banned gay marriage. The two essays, "What’s Wrong with Gay Marriage?" by Katha Pollitt and "Gay "Marriage": Societal Suicide" by Charles Colson provide a compare and contrast view of why gay marriage should be legal or not. Pollitt argues that gay marriage is a constitutional human right and that it should be legal, while Colson believes that gay marriage is sacrilegious act that should not be legal in the United States and that “it provides a backdrop for broken families and increases crime rates” (Colson, pg535). Both authors provide examples to support their thesis. Katha Pollitt provides more relevant data to support that gay marriage is a constitutional right and should be enacted as law in our entire country, she has a true libertarian mindset.
Andrew Sullivan, author of, What is a Homosexual, portrays his experience growing up; trapped in his own identity. He paints a detailed portrait of the hardships caused by being homosexual. He explains the struggle of self-concealment, and how doing so is vital for social acceptation. The ability to hide one’s true feelings make it easier to be “invisible” as Sullivan puts it. “The experience of growing up profoundly different in emotional and psychological makeup inevitably alters a person’s self-perception.”(Sullivan)This statement marks one of the many reasons for this concealment. The main idea of this passage is to reflect on those hardships, and too understand true self-conscious difference. Being different can cause identity problems, especially in adolescents.
Shulman, Sam. "Sam Shulman -- Gay Marriage -- and Marriage." OrthodoxyToday.org |. Commentary Magazine, Nov. 2003. Web. 31 May 2010. .
Mercer, L. R. & Berger, R. M. (1989). Social service needs of lesbian and gay adolescents. Adolescent Sexuality: New Challenges for Social Workers. Haworth Press.
NeJaime, Douglas. "Marriage Inequality: Same-Sex Relationships, Religious Exemptions, and The Production of Sexual Orientation Discrimination." California Law Review100.5 (Oct2012): 1169-1238. Academic Search Complete. Web. 31 Oct. 2013.
Currently in today’s society, coming out as gay is easier than admitting to a serious mental problem. This effect puts a burden on teens who suffer from problems and don’t know where to go; which led to the increase of teen suicides as seen in the media. In the average classroom size, about three of the twenty-four students have depression; not mentioning other common disorders such as bipolar disorder, panic disorder, ADHD, conduct disorder, and eating disorders. Without better programs in schools to prevent and inform about mental disorders, the current taboo on them, the bullying of students suffering, and the romanticization of diseases will continue to increase the negative effect mental disorders have on teens.
This paper has effort to generally show youths growing up gay. A number of issues have been presented involving gay identity formation, parental interaction, and disclosure. Homosexuality is a very controversial subject. By no mean does this paper try to say that it is “totally correct.” However, the paper does examine logical theoretical ideas of what gay adolescents endure, using and combining research and reports of other gay studies.
“What’s the big whoop?” asks a cute, blonde, elementary school aged boy when his teacher discusses homosexuality. He didn’t understand why people cared who other people loved. Little kids are perfect examples of how society’s negativity towards homosexuality creates homophobia. Children don’t understand why it matters who you love because they don’t see it as a problem and their opinions aren’t clouded by stereotypes. If LGBT issues were taught to these innocent, uninvolved children in elementary school, it would be more likely they would be accepting as they grew up. It is important to present LGBT in a positive light before parents, classmates, and media influence their perceptions.
There are several theorists that have presented models on sexual identity development. Many of the models have stages of sexual identity development suggesting that certain characteristics are present during a specific period. However, Anthony D’Augelli presents a model that suggests processes rather than stages. These processes take place over the span of one’s life and not necessarily in any specific order or fashion. D’Augelli’s (1994a) life span model of lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) identity development takes into account “the complex factors that influence the development of people in context over historical time” (Evans et al, 2010). According to D’Augelli’s (1994) theory, identity formation includes three sets of interrelated variables that are involved in identity formation: personal actions and subjectivities, interactive intimacies, and sociohistorical connections. Personal subjectivities and actions include individuals’ perceptions and feelings about their sexual identities as well as actual sexual behaviors and the meanings attached to them. Interactive intimacies include the influences of family, peer group, and intimate partnerships and the meanings attached to experiences with significant others. Sociohistorical connections are defined as the social norms, policies and laws found in various geographical locations and cultures, as well as the values existing during particular historical periods (Evans et al, 2010).
"Milestones in the American Gay Rights Movement." PBS. WBGH Educational Foundation, n.d. Web. 14 Oct. 2013.
One central concept ties members of this community together besides their sexuality being counter to heterosexuality, and that concept is identity development. Stage three of the Cass’s (1979) Model of Gay/Lesbian Identity Model speaks to the contradiction a person feels inside in regard to trying to find others like themselves. A LGBTQI youth is usually living a dual life, where they are starting to engage and enjoy what is becoming more and more their true selves, yet sustaining their heterosexual appearance in the public arena (Cass, 1979). Simultaneously, they are gradually experimenting with distinguishing the dissimilarity in heterosexuals and their identified sexuality Cass, 1979). For those who advocate on behalf of LGBTQI youth, it is vitally important to have readily available resources and programs with the expressed goal of assisting the person through this time in their lives, either through structured interventions or simple information about the community around them.
Stoddard, T, Fein, B, (Jan. 1990) Gay Marriage, Personal relationships, Marriage, Legislation, Homosexuality, American Bar Association, (Pages 42, 42)
Stone, Geoffrey. "Judges Now Recognize Anti-Gay Marriage Laws Are Irrational." The Daily Beast. N.p., 03 Apr 2014. Web. 13 Apr 2014. .
Then we have sexual behavior: what sex are your partners? And finally, we have sexual identity: how do you think of yourself are you gay, straight, or bisexual? Some of us develop feelings of attraction to a one type of sex before we self-label our sexual identity. Others engage in sexual behavior before they’re sure how they want to self-identify. There’s no standard for how sexual orientation emerges, and it can often be a fluid process, with attraction, behavior, and identity changing over time (Burriss, 2015). Attraction occurs in adolescence and can occur with a first romance or first sexual experience. It is common for adolescents to experience same-sex attractions. Some gay youth experience opposite-sex attractions, sometimes before same-sex attractions. Teens are moving toward forming their own sexual orientation and identity. Previous studies report that more than 60% of the boys acknowledged opposite-sex attractions and 80% of same-sex–attracted girls. Boys reported that the start of heterosexual attractions happened around the same age as same-sex attractions and occurring usually one to two years earlier than girls. They become overly concerned with whether they are attractive and place more importance on their peer group. Many adolescents may even fall in love for the first time. It is common to experiment sexual and many will have intercourse during adolescence (Kaufman & Tulloch,