Introduction
By arguing who the actor is to be responsible to fit into the position of social laws, public policy expresses itself in term of “public offices within government, and by extension the citizens they represent, choose to do or not to do about public problems” (Kraft & Furlong, 2013, pg. 3) in which public policy is the regulation people are following other than laws and regulations. Due to its complexity, policy cycle has been generated as the end-producer of this policy institutionalism. Implicitly, a number of fundamental elements are to be notified as the most significant factors to focus on how well-designed the policy cycle is by regarding to the aspects policy cycle concentrate on. While we pay attention on analyzing the current existing policy cycle developed by Lasswell, the thought of this certain structural paradigm is the key to unlock this door to encourage us to distinguish what the relationship is between policy cycle and cycle-relevant theories. Starting with the emergence of public policy is to undertake “a technical process and as a facet of the Social” (Hodgson, 2007, pg. 37), which the primary goal of policy cycle facilitates the administrative-management task for public policy by restricting each single stage. In additional, policy cycle has indicated itself as the promoter to evaluate how interactive the relationship is between policy cycle and dual-sided theories. In this paper, I will examine how influential the contribution the policy cycle, Political Opportunity Structure and Group-Grid Cultural Theory has gone through vis-a-vis.
Policy Cycle
In general, everything exists in this world obeys the trace in a unique order in which if some disruption takes place in process of operating the cycle b...
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...fluence the choice of program tools?” (Hupe & Hill, 2012, pg. 125).
4. Implementation: To move into the second last step, a number of proposed plans have been interpreted systematically into actions. However, the transformation of plans is in partial operation that “a phase of the overall process that is little understood, not particularly appreciated, and not well-developed-either conceptually or operationally” (Brewer, 1974, pg. 240). This seemingly mistaken occurrence of the step of implement is actually the supporter for the successful transformation into the last step of this model.
5. Evaluation: By moving into the last stage of policy cycle, a systematic evaluation is principally to be performed for its “validity, importance, usefulness, originality, and feasibility” (Nagel, 1990, pg. x) to finish up the incomplete session from the stage of implementation.
DiClemente (2013) stated, “Although no evaluation is perfect, evaluation research can have a high degree of rigor” (DiClemente, Salazar, & Crosby, 2013, pp. 298). The result of a high degree of rigor can lead to the utilization by program planners and policy experts which would in turn could impact public health policy and promotion practice (DiClemente et al., 2013). This is obtained by a step by step, all equally important, process in what is known as the “Nine Step Stairway to Effective Evaluation”.
So what is social policy? David Gill is often regarded as one of the most authoritive authors on the subject (1973 cited by Lavalette and Pratt 1997). For Gill it was “the analysis of access to life-enhancing and life-sustaining resources” In his book 'Social Policy' (Titmuss, 1974) Timuss suggested that 'policy' is action-orientated and proble...
This policy analysis will discuss the following topics: the problem, Policy development, Policy Effectiveness, Conclusion Alternatives, Cost & Benefits, and Recommendations.
The fundamental of policymaking consists of a lengthy time process that goes through many steps in becoming a Bill. The process of policymaking is introduced in the beginning step of the Policy Formulation Phase, as the problem goes through a Legislation it goes into the Policy Implementation Phase, which than forms into a law or vetoed. Many policies do not become a Bill’s, but the certain ones that do they achieve the goal to guide the society with immense decision making and balanced outcomes.
Metaphysics is the search for an ultimate principle by which all real things and relations are ordered. It formulates fundamental statements about existence and change. A reversible (absolute) causality is thought to be the ultimate of reality. It is argued that a real (causal) process relating changes of any nature (physical, mental) and any sort (quantitative, qualitative, and substantial) reverses the order of its agency (action, influence, operation, producing): real causation must run in the opposite direction, or change to the opposite effect. A reversible process is a cyclical process, and all cyclical processes are reversible. The world is becoming active because it produces reversible processes; reversible processes organize the world. The world is the totality of interrelated cyclic processes occurring with all kinds of agents (objects, substances, and things).
Throughout this assignment a variety of terminology will be used, first it is appropriate to define what the term ‘Social Policy’ means. Social policy can be defined in different ways and ‘there is no established or agreed definition of social policy’ (Baldock et, al., 1999:21). From reading different books on social policy, the author’s understanding of social policy is it provides guidelines to deal with social problems . Social problems are matters which direct...
What criteria will be used to show whether or not objectives have been met? What methods will be used to measure the effects of the planned intervention? Describe the process and any measurement instruments.
...arations needed during implementation of the project while the final phase is meant for overall evaluation.
Charles Lindblom in the Science of Muddling Though identified two methodology in formulating policy - the Rational Comprehensive (Root) and Successive Limited Comparisons (Branch). There are numerous differences between the root and branch decision-making methods for policymaking; root (rational) decision-making starts from basic issues on every occasion and builds from the ground up, whereas branch (successive limited comparison) begins with the current situation and changes incrementally. The linear or rational model presents policy-making as a problem solving process which is sensible, objective and analytical. In the model, decisions are made in an orderly manner starting with the identification of a problem or issue then ending with a set of activities to solve or deal with it. Charles Lindblom is critical of the Rational Comprehensive Method (Root) of policy process as simplistic and difficult to apply when dealing with complex issues (Lindblom, 1959, p. 79). He advocates that there is logic of “muddling through” the process rather than identifying all the issues, collecting al...
A policy is devised by politicians who have certain belifs on how a society must be governed. Politicians with similar belifs come toge...
“Political context includes aspects such as the distribution of power, the range of organizations involved and their interests, and the formal and informal rules that govern the interactions among different players. Political context shapes the way in which policy processes work” (Nash, R., Hudson, A., and Luttrell, C., 2006). It is important to understand the political context in which a social policy issue is embedded. When I think of context, I think of action. An advocate that is trying to influence policy would be concerned about political contexts because it would determine the likelihood, suitability, and capabilities of his/her behavior (action) and conduct while seeking to institute change. By understanding the political context in which a social policy issue is embedded, one’s strategy and approach can be outlined to understand the manner in which changes can be made. Progress can be slow without understanding the political context. An advocate may understand what needs to be changed but may not understand why the change did not occur. The advocate may also be able to institute change in social policy issues if the advocate has a great understanding of the political context. The advocate must be able to align himself/herself with those that can be recruited to change the context of a policy. The advocate can also determine the severity of instituting the change and the probability of getting the change. “The appropriate level of action and type of advocacy strategy will depend on the political, social and economic situation prevailing at a given point in time” (Rietbergen,-McCracken, J., n.d.).
The world is constantly changing in many different ways. Whether it is technological or cultural change is present and inevitable. Organizations are not exempt from change. As a matter of fact, organizations have to change with the world and society in order to be successful. Organizations have to constantly incorporate change in order to have a competitive advantage and satisfy their customers. Organizations use change in order to learn and grow. However, change is not something that can happen in an organization overnight. It has to be thought through and planned. The General Model of Planned Change focuses on what processes are used by the organization to implement change. In the General Model of Planned Change, four steps are used in order to complete the process of change. Entering and Contracting, Diagnosing, Planning and Implementing, and Evaluating and Institutionalizing are the four steps used in order to complete the process of change in an organization. The diagnostic process is one of the most important activities in OD(Cummings, 2009, p. 30).
Public Managers have to participate in the policy making process. Previously, according to scholars, “policy process” was considered “decision making” (Wu, Ramesh, Howlett, & Fritzen, 2010). Under such pretense, public managers considered their role merely with policy implementation. However the recent theories that define public policy, have demarcated public policy as an activity that involves a broad range of activities ranging from defining problems, ensuring the defined problems to make it to agenda, developing alternative solutions of addressing these issues, implementing the results and evaluating the outcomes.
Public policy can be defined as “What ever governments choose to do or not do” (Dye, 2008, p 2). In the context of this essay, public policies are a set of actors by the government in order to reach out to the masses. The ministries and departments are mandated to deliver specific mandates in the form of public goods and services.
Lastly, this stage looks at how ideas come to life through production. Therefore, implementation must ensure that design details are put into effect and that the client is satisfied with the final product.