The volume flow rate of a fluid is the amount of fluid that passes a point per second. It is dependent on a number of variables. These variables include the dimensions of the object that the fluid is flowing through, and the amount of force that is applied to it. The pressure that water in a pipe system is under is calculated using the following equation: P=F/A Where P is the pressure, F is the force that is being applied to the water, and A is the area that the water is in. The force in the previous equation can be calculated using Newton’s Second Law of Motion, F=ma (University of Tennessee, 2014). Mass is calculated by multiplying the object’s density by its volume. Volume is found by multiplying the object’s area of one of its sides …show more content…
A Newtonian fluid, such as water, will increase its resistance to a force by however many times that force is multiplied. This is not the case with a non-Newtonian fluid, which may produce more resistance, or it may produce less, depending on the individual fluid (Senese, 2010). Hence, Poiseuille’s Law does not apply. The aim of the experiment was to compare measured flow rates of water through a pipe system with those predicted by Poiseuille’s Law. Although Poiseuille’s Law can be used for liquids with different viscosities, only water was used. It was hypothesised that the values predicted by Poiseuille’s Law would be similar to those that were found experimentally, but not the exact same. This is because it was believed that the experimental results would have some small inaccuracies that were not feasibly avoidable. Two pipes were attached together, one with a length of slightly over 50cm and a radius of 5cm, and a pipe receptor near the bottom of the pipe. Both ends of the pipe were open, but the end nearest the receptor was securely covered with a pipe cap, as shown in Figure 1. The receptor was also open. The second pipe consisted of a thin metal pipe with a length of 1 metre, which was attached to another pipe cap, which was pierced through the middle, as shown in Figure 2. This allowed water to flow through the output …show more content…
This is because the law only takes into account the length of the pipe, and the area that produces friction, but not the surface texture i.e. the roughness of the pipe, which affects the amount of friction produced over the area. It is also possible that the flow of water in the pipe may not have been completely laminar, and therefore the possibility exists that some turbulent flow may have occurred. This would have resulted in a slower rate of flow, as in turbulent flow, the molecules flow in different directions and at different speeds. If the experiment was to be repeated, then it should be recommended that a stand be used to hold the bucket steady while it is being filled with water from the apparatus. This would allow for clearer reading of the water level while the experiment is running. Another possible improvement that could be made to the experimental design would be to have spare output pipes, as this would allow for repetition of the experiment if some results required
When the liquid level is above the calibration line on the pipette, remove the bulb quickly and put your thumb or index finger over the pipette. Carefully “roll” finger to the side and allow the liquid to drop until the meniscus is level with the mark. Then hold the pipette over the flask to receive the liquid and remove the finger. Allow the liquid to drain out.
The respirometer uses the principle of water displacement. As the amount of gas in the respirometer changes, this will be reflected by an equivalent displacement of water in the pipette. Remember that at the same temperature and pressure,...
the replicate shows the same trend as the first experiment. I used a measuring cylinder and a beaker to measure out the amounts of water; however these did not seem to affect the quality of my results. To increase the accuracy of my results I could have perhaps used a burette. Even though I did the best I could to keep the experiment accurate, I did. some places there were mistakes that unintentionally occurred.
They just forgot to mention the other effects of fluids in nature. “The influence of the fluid on a body moving through it depends not only on the body’s velocity but also on the velocity of the fluid,” this is called relative velocity ( ). The relative velocity of a body in a fluid has an effect on the magnitude of the acting forces. For example, as a long distance runner is running into a head wind, the force of the fluid is very strong. If the runner is running with the help of a tail wind, the current’s force is reduced and may even be unnoticeable.
...e this engineers could have a back up system that would be able to pump out the liguid, one that could use the water as a power source. The engineers could try to make the walls near the water line stronger to prevent flooding. There also should have been a way to detach the drill string that would be more convenient
Bernoulli’s principle is the concept that as the speed of a moving fluid (liquid or gas) increases, the pressure within that fluid decreases. This principle was originally formulated in 1738 by the Swiss mathematician and physicist Daniel Bernoulli, it states that the total energy in a steadily flowing ...
As the pressure drop increases in the column, it is observed that the degree of foaming becomes more violent and more spread out. When the pressure drop is relatively high, it means that the pressure exerted by the vapour is insufficient to hold up the liquid in the tray, causing the gas bubbles to appear on top of the sieve trays. To add on, the higher the pressure drop, the higher the velocity of the vapour passing up the column. As a result, more vapour will penetrate the liquid and more bubbles formation is observed. Due to more bubbles formation, the degree of foaming are more agitated, rapid and spread out.
Ordinary fluid flow is different from granular flow so study of every particle’s behavior is necessary. Different physical phenomena, like interaction between particles and
Question: Discuss the importance of Relief Valves in the unit operations in detail, and give the design criteria/ parameters/ models available equations in the literature. Support your work by giving a typical example from the literature.
A weakness or limitation in the process of the experiment could be that the metal mall probably did not start initially at 0 ms-, because the rim of the graduated cylinder reached a height of .011 m above the surface of the liquid. Therefore, the ball did not start falling in the liquids with an initial velocity of 0 ms-, which could have affected the results. Ways that this issue could be fixed is by filling the cylinder to the rim and re-measuring that distance to 0 mL. In addition, there could have been a few human errors in measuring. Since data recording relied on the physics app, there could also have been some inaccuracy while using it.
Additionally, Bernoulli’s principle states that an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in the pressure exerted by the fluid. Furthermore, both incompressible and compressible flows moving at a low Mach number is valid for the simple form of Bernoulli’s principle. Moreover, the faster the motion, the less pressure due to less dense particles. Only to pressure and their own weight are fluid particles subject to. If a fluid is flowing horizontally and along a section of a streamline, where the speed in...
The effect of Temperature of liquid on flow rate. - the effect of Temperature on liquid flow (turbulent/laminar) 3) The effect of the Vertical height between source and destination of the fluid on flow rate. - the effect of Vertical height on liquid flow (turbulent/laminar) 4) The effect of the Liquid's Viscosity/Density on flow rate.
Pneumatic Piezometers: Other than P18, P19 and P20, the behaviour of the remaining operational piezometers are normal based on the guidelines Some of the monthly readings of P18, P19 and P20 show that the water pressure was above the expected normal reading based on the water level of the reservoir. These piezometers are located on the piezo line corresponding to elevation 200m MSL of the embankment. Considering the historical reading of these piezometers, it shows that the trend for P18 and P19 is in normal while there is no established reference for P20 since data are irregular for this piezo.
Third, the liquid will enter to the expansion valve with the higher pressure and leaves with the low pressure.
There is also the potential of human error within this experiment for example finding the meniscus is important to get an accurate amount using the graduated pipettes and burettes. There is a possibility that at one point in the experiment a chemical was measured inaccurately affecting the results. To resolve this, the experiment should have been repeated three times.