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Merits Of Pluralism Theory
Pluralist theory democracy
Pluralist theory democracy
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The theory of pluralism is defended as “a multitude of groups, not the people as a whole, govern the United States.” (H.T Reynolds) These groups would consist of “unions, trade and professional associations, environmentalists, civil rights activists, business and financial lobbies, and formal and informal coalitions.” (H.T Reynolds) The general public would only make up a small percentage of the people in control of the political world and therefore are merely bystanders in the process. The characteristics of pluralism are described as domination not being taken over by the elites but by a small group of organizations. Their power is limited to areas of defense, agriculture or, banking. The second characteristic of pluralism is groups that are politically autonomous or independent. Lastly, the third characteristic is competition within the group leads to the offset of influence. The power of on group will destroy the power of another group. …show more content…
They are able to understand how the other person sees and view different ideas while other people may find it hard to accept a certain viewpoint they may not agree on. These people in the group tend to be less prejudice towards minority groups. The people in the society are able to work towards a common goal more efficiently due to the fact everyone is able to bring different leadership ideas and qualities. Even though there are benefits to having a pluralistic society there are weaknesses as well. There is a risk of division within the fraction due to the vast amount of openness between one another belief system. This can lead to people being provoked. Favoritism also comes into the picture. A certain group of people can be given more power due to the fact they are more liked by the authorities
argues that there is a dominant group, business. I agree that the pluralist ideology is wrong and
“The government operates through competing interest groups rather than public opinion. The competing interest groups represent the people’s interest to government decision makers. Democracy exists when many (plural) organizations operate separately from the government, press their interests on the government, and even challenge the government.” The public is best served if the government structure provides access for different groups to press their claims in competition with one another. A pluralistic model of democracy allows minority interests to organize and press their claims on government freely also.
In discussing the problems surrounding the issue of factionalism in American society, James Madison concluded in Federalist #10, "The inference to which we are brought is that the causes of cannot be removed and that relief is only to be sought in the means of controlling its effects." (Federalist Papers 1999, 75) In many ways, the nature of American politics has revolved around this question since our country's birth. What is the relationship between parties and government? Should the party serve as an intermediary between the populace and government, and how should a government respond to disparate ideas espoused by the factions inherent to a free society. This paper will discuss the political evolution that has revolved around this question, examining different "regimes" and how they attempted to reconcile the relationship between power and the corresponding role of the people. Beginning with the Federalists themselves, we will trace this evolution until we reach the contemporary period, where we find a political climate described as "interest-group liberalism." Eventually this paper will seek to determine which has been the most beneficial, and which is ultimately preferable.
The pluralistic scholar David Truman notes that “the proliferation of political interest groups [is] a natural and largely benign consequence of economic development” (Kernell 2000, 429). That is, as American economic development increases, in the form of industry, trade, and technology, factions are produced in order to protect special interests. Factions have a large platform on which to find support from various political parties, committees, subcommittees, and the courts, as well as federal, state, and local governments (Kernell 2000, 429).
... that areas of expertise can be exploited, different people are good at different things. Groups can discuss material, and that discussion can improve the quality of the decision. Groups are less likely to suffer from judgmental biases that individuals have when they make decisions. People are more likely to follow through on decisions made by groups that they are connected to. Also, more monumental decisions can be made in groups, because one member will not be singled out for blame, making the entire group responsible.
As individual groups continued to grow and unite, their common interest produced political recourses. It’s these resources that altered society’s expectations and assisted in shaping public policy rulings. Figure 9.4 displays how public opinion and government equilibrium point is centralized between total state provisions and no regulation with total private provision. Americans wanted personal choice without total state jurisdiction. The pluralist sector tackling the Affordable Care Act desired a balanced public policy that establishes society’s desire for health care in an active approach utilizing political
While common belief dictates that direct democracy represents the most fair form of government, there exists a glaring weakness: majority rules. Now this would not be a problem if the majority always seeks the greatest good, but as Madison reminds us in Federalist 51, men are not angels. “If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary.” According to Madison, human nature leads all social groups, even majorities, to act as factions because of their fidelity to their own self interests. For instance, what is to stop the majority faction from committing harm onto the minority for their own benefit? In this same way, a fifty-one percent majority could vote to enslave a forty-nine percent minority. However, Madison proposes solution to the problem of the ‘”majority tyranny”’ , which refrains from abolishing citizens’ liberty: “A republic… promises the cure for which we are speaking.” By breaking up legal power and placing it in the hands of many small factions, all attempting to better their own positions, the founders ensure representation for a far greater number of people. Because the United States (used in its original plural form) are so large and diverse when put together and represent so many people, a republic prevents any one faction from becoming oppressively
Leaders will often separate in-group and out-group members based on similarities of the group member and the leader. Other characteristics that can play into it are age, gender, or even a member’s personality. A member can be granted in-group status if the leader thinks the member is competent and is going above and beyond to perform the job functions. As mentioned the two groups that members can fall into are in-group and out-group. In-group members are those that share similarities with the leader. Those similarities can be personality, work ethic, common interests, or even alma maters. In-group members often go above and beyond their job description and the leader does more for these members. In-group members will have their opinions and work ideas looked at in higher regard than out-group members. In-group members typically have higher job satisfaction within the group and are less likely to experience turnover. In-group members are often promoted within the organization f...
...and show an open mind to everyone’s ideas. I’ve found that this makes for a lighter and more fun environment and we’ve shown success in completing our task. Most times I’m put into groups, I don’t know the other people very well. This is common at school with my classmates. I’m used to having no leader in the group and everyone fighting to have their ideas chosen. Once a leader was chosen in the group we started discussing openly everyone’s ideas with the chosen leader voicing their opinion on which idea to choose and why. Usually when it comes to my friends I take the leadership role and make an try to hear everyone’s opinion before making a decision. I believe that for a team to find success and reach their goal someone needs to take leadership and voice an unbiased opinion. The team needs to hear everyone’s ideas and choose one based on which will lead to success.
It seems readily apparent that monism is without a doubt the very worst way to approach history, Societies and cultures are not one dimensional, but rather are made up of a tapestry of factors. Thus looking at just one aspect gives the historian only a myopic sense of what was going on or what people were thinking at a particular time or place in history. While this is typically thought of as being the consensus history of the great white men, however other schools of historical thought can also be viewed objectively, as being equally narrow in scope. One simply can not expect to garner a panoramic perspective of history by looking at it solely from one perspective. Its illogical to think that a private in Washington's army saw the war from the same perspective as Washington did or likewise that a dock worker or recently emancipated indentured servant saw things from the same perspective as a wealthy shipyard owner, merchant, or planter. Thus to look at a chapter of history solely from the viewpoint of any of those will never create a full portrait of the events which transpired. This perspective does allow for minute investigation of a one aspect of the historical record, but only within a limited context.
Pluralism is essentially a theory in favour of distributing power equally amongst individuals rather than having power remain within the hands of one individual (Heywood, 2003; Schwarzmantel, 1994; Dunleavy and O’Leary, 1987; Crowder, 1994). This theory is predominantly associated with Robert Dahl, who had researched how the state behaves and amongst whom power is exercised in New Haven (Heywood, 2007; Dahl, 1961). However, it has been argued that this theory is too idealistic, and that it is impossible for there to be an equal distribution of power because realistically power is likely to only be exercised by a minority, as in accordance with the elitist view (Heywood, 2007; Schwarzmantel, 1994).
In a team-oriented setting, everyone contributes to how well the group succeeds overall. You work with fellow members of the group to complete the work that needs to be done. Having the right people in the correct roles is an important factor in measuring the success of a team, where you are united with the other members to complete the main goals. Every group is made up of definite strengths and weaknesses. Our team's 3-5 major strengths necessary to work accordingly consist of Informer, Summarizer, Orienter, Piggy-Backer, and Encourager. One of our strengths as a team is that we get input from everyone involved. Every member of our team is a leader in some way. Part of being a good leader is knowing how important it is to receive the best ideas from each member of their team. We attend group meetings where we discuss any challenges, issues, and problems. At these meetings, we often exchange ideas or brainstorm new ones with each other and come up with the best and most creative team solutions as potential answers to those perceived problems.
The concept of diversity is very broad and it covers many definitions. We can say that, above all, diversity is a characteristic feature of our world and the reality of the society around us. A reality that in recent years has been reinforced by economic globalization, and the mobilization of markets and people. More and more people move around the world, bringing their culture and personal experience. For our society, cultural diversity is a fact that in many years it has become very evident largely due to the incorporation of immigrants. In the case of a business, cultural diversity can bring a number of positive elements such as creativity, innovative spirit, commitment, responsibility, knowledge, experience, etc. However, very often, cultural diversity is interpreted in stereotypes and prejudices. And in a way, more or less open, people are considered different in many cases subject to negative consideration. In most cases, this means that cultural diversity is associated with difficulties and problems and more positive side is not contemplated.
The benefits of living in a multi-ethnic society are that you get to meet new people and learn interesting things about them. People get a chance to understand others and realise they’re equal to us. It makes people less ignorant and alters stereotypical views they may have had beforehand from media influence or friends/relatives. We begin to respect them more and understand their views on specific subjects. This could help people become less racist. Also, you get a chance to learn a variety of new languages. If you were learning Spanish at school for example, you could practice it by having a conversation with somebody who’s previously lived there. You get a chance to widen your knowledge about the outside world by learning interesting facts from people from different cultures. It makes life more interesting and less repetitive because without a multi-ethnic society everybody would be similar and you wouldn’t experience many new things. We wouldn’t know about certain religions such as Buddhism, Hinduism and Sikhism. The only known religion would be Christianity so people wouldn’t be able to choose from a wide range of religions like you can now. Furthermore, beautiful buildings such as mosques and temples wouldn’t be around. Our country would be so much more dull and uninteresting. A multi-ethnic society can bring new ideas and ways of doing things into the everyday lives of people living in Britain.
Realizing that a group can become a high performance team is important. Accomplishing this goal is invaluable, advantageous and profitable. Once able to operate from a group to the high performing team is a great step into preparation into the big business world. Leaders and members must also realize not only how to accomplish this but that some problems will and can arise from different demographic characteristics and cultural diversity. That is if one is in such a group, which the probability would be quite high.