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Placebo effect phenomenon
Placebo in psychology mega essay
Placebo effect phenomenon
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Recommended: Placebo effect phenomenon
Anne Elise Nicoladis
Mrs. Perkins
English III
Monday, May 6th 2014
Title
A person’s belief or disbelief in a medication or medical procedures changes the effect of the treatment as exhibited by placebos, which are medical treatments that have no physiological effect. This phenomenon is known as the placebo effect. The placebo effect is not merely regression; it is the body’s physical response to the mind. For this mind-body relationship to work to it’s greatest potential, a physician must con their patient’s into believing a prescribed placebo does have a physiological effect. There are respectable laws currently in place that physicians must follow, which state that a physician cannot use deception, and must provide patients with correct medical information. The administration of placebos can be beneficial to patient even though it seems as if dishonesty is necessary from a position where deception is unlawful, but there are ethical methods to use the placebo effect justly, and without wrong doing.
There is not one concrete definition of a placebo. Placebos are fake medical treatments disguised as, for example, as a pill, a shot, ointments, or even fake surgery that is inactive and truly does nothing at all (Moerman). In the past, placebos such as sugar pills or vitamins were prescribed to please a patient requesting medication if the physician did not believe any real treatment was necessary. People in the medical community began to realize that patient’s symptoms were getting significantly better even when there was no chemical, biomedical or time-related reason. This changed physician’s belief that the improvement supposedly caused by a placebo pill was all in their patient’s head to believing that the patients min...
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There are situations in which a seemingly unethical practice can be altered and used equitably. A pure placebo is an inert substance that can cause a real physiological effect. Impure placebos are unrelated and have active quantities, but non-related to the symptoms that need treating. Pure, and impure placebos can cause the placebo effect, which physicians can use to their advantage as long as there is no deception involved. Most important physician’s should never lie to a patient, or cause a nocebo effect by being negative. A physician can tell their patients about the placebo effect, and provide a supportive wholesome environment for their patients. If physicians do this they are following the current laws, and creating a open physician-patient relationship which allows for the most beneficial medical treatment for patients.
“Cullen and Flein Concede that in rare cases, it is permissible for doctors to deceive a patient but only if the deception is for a short while and if the potential gain from the deception is probable and significant. (Cullen Klein
But one may wonder when DPB is necessary and what the benefits of such practice are. Cullen and Klein state that “this deception-to-benefit-the-patient view has a prima facie (at first glance) appeal,” although some may argue that this line of thinking has not yet been proven with positive results. One illustration to this theory is when a doctor tells a kidney transplant recipient that he is doing good and that the prognosis looks promising with the justification that the patient, although the kidney is not functioning at all, but after hearing the positive feedback from the physician, it may lift his spirit and regain full health. The physicians with this type of ideology presume that “a sick person isn’t made better by gloomy assessments.” This type of DBP is intended to be used in order to benefit the patient, however, there are no proven cases to confirm that this method works, and it’s merely intended as an effort for the physicians to make the patient feel better, furthermore, as stated by Cullen and Klein “In all but rarest cases, deceiving a patient ‘for his own good’ is an unacceptable way for a physician to try to help her patient.” (Cullen & Klein
In Marcia Angell’s article, “The Ethics of Clinical Research in the Third World,” she strongly argues the use of clinical placebo-controlled trials done in developing countries are unethical if an effective treatment already exists. Angell believes studies that compare potential new treatment with a placebo controlled group is ineffective and unnecessary. All research studies should offer the best standard of care and give participants the most beneficial outcome and treatment possible. The main priority of a study is not the goals of the research itself, but the well-being of the participants. Angell uses many sources to defend her argument, such as WHO.
I begin in section 2 by discussing Grünbaum's detailed analysis of what a placebo is. I then use his idea of a generic intentional Placebo and discuss one of many similar experiments concerning the phenomenon of clinical depression, experiments that use the monoamine hypothesis and the notion of a generic intentional placebo. This experiment is described in section 3. In section 4 I analyze the results of this study and in section 5 I offer concluding remarks.
Ernst, E., & Resch, K. L. (1995). Concept of true and perceived placebo effects. British Medical
The first article is entitled “of mice but not men: problems of randomized clinical trials,” is written by Samuel Hellman and Deborah S. Hellman discusses the issues of randomized medical testing and experiments on patients. The article describes the role of the personal physician and how the physician can take an ethical or unethical path of treating his/her patients. The relationship between the patient and physician is greatly emphasized because according to the article trust is very valuable in medicine especially when a patient’s life is at risk. A Kantian and a Utilitarian view of randomized clinical trials are debated but the authors clearly steers towards a Kantian point of view.
The placebo effect according to Shapiro, is ‘The nonspecific psychological or physiological therapeutic effect produced by a placebo or the effect of spontaneous improvement attributed to the placebo treatment’ (Shapiro, 1968, cited in Harrington, 1997)
Health and disease do not have a straightforward definition. It has been altered by many people in many points of history. For example, Boorse, Nordenfelt, and Wakefield are all philosophers that have defined what it means to be healthy. I am going to explain why Wakefield’s harmful dysfunction theory is the most plausible. First, I will briefly explain each theory. Next, I will determine whether Amanda Baggs would be considered healthy according to their definitions. After I examine Amanda Baggs, I will defend Wakefield’s harmful dysfunction theory and why it is the most plausible. Lastly, I will consider an objection to Wakefield’s theory as well as a reply to the objection.
If a person is being treated special or believes in the benefit of a treatment, the treatment is more likely to be beneficial. “The more a person expects a treatment to work, the more likely they are to exhibit a placebo response.” ( “What is the Placebo effect”) So people can even experience a benefit from the administration of an inactive substance or sham
Miller, F. (2003). Therapeutic Misconception in the Ethics of Clinical Trials,. The Hastings Center Report.
To help humanity better its health and to better understand the placebo effect. If over the counter medicine performs better than the placebo, then it won’t be allowed to enter the market. Scientist should follow the key points to achieve a positive effect of the placebo effect. There are many limits to the placebo effect but to better humanity’s understanding on the placebo effect there should be more research and studies on the placebo effect in accordance to modern medicine, it will be every beneficial for society in the long
Psychopharmacology has played a huge role in my life since I was about 9 years old, but recently, I have discovered that many people in my family have had similar struggles to mine. My beliefs, values, and attitudes regarding psychotropic medication have been formed from my family's and my experiences with mental health treatment. This has lead to some biases, which will likely impact my practice and potentially present some challenges, but there are many ways to combat these biases and utilize my experiences and beliefs in a way that positively shapes my practice and relationship with clients, whether we (myself, them, and their family) choose psychotropic medication as a treatment or not.
Homeopathy is natural form of medicine that has been around for over two hundred years. Homeopathy works by treating a symptom with the “principle of similars”.“We should imitate nature...a drug with power to provoke another, artificial disease, as similar as possible, and the former disease will be cured: fight like with like.” (Hahnerman) Homeopathy works by treating a symptom with the “principle of similars”. This means to give a substance that will elicit a healing response. Over the past couple of years, it has been discovered that conventional medicine has serious side effects which can harm a person’s health. Homeopathy was found to be a solution to this problem and can have many positive effects on a person’s health and their lifestyle.
Reality Therapy Introduction William Glasser, who “published his first book, Mental Health or Mental Illness?” was the foundation of “Reality Therapy” in 1961.” (Corey, 1977/1991) “Dr. Glasser began his work in an adolescent girl’s juvenile facility.” (Mary Lahey, 2013 PowerPoint Presentation) This was in total opposition to a popular theory of the times by Sigmund Freud. Freud’s Psychoanalysis theory states that each individual is unique, that there are factors outside of a person's awareness (unconscious thoughts, feelings, and experiences) which influence his or her thoughts and actions, that the past shapes the present, that human beings are always engaged in the process of development throughout their lives.
Legitimacy and justifying placebo use in clinical trials. Employing placebo in clinical trials can improve the quality of the study results. Firstly, a placebo group employment enables to evaluate efficacy of blind, randomised subject control medical treatment avoiding assessment bias. Secondly, it can be reduce the number of patients to conduct since outcomes in different states, these are treatment group and placebo group can be compared which makes the difference clearer whether the results are beneficial or harmful. Thirdly, placebo can be used in addition to normal treatment of patients, where results will show genuine results as beneficial or harmful conditional change....