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The 5 physical education purposes
Physical education in secondary schools
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The present study was to determine the perception of coeducational and single-sex physical education between physical education teachers and university teacher educators. This review mainly focuses on (a) Physical Education Influenced by Title IX, (b) Participation, (c) Enjoyment and Preference, (d) Performance and Achievement, (e) Interaction with Teachers and Students, (f) Teacher Behaviors, (g) Safety Concern, and (h) Other Benefits. Physical education influenced by Title IX The public and private school in the United States remained separated the boys and girls in Physical Education until the passage of Title IX occurred in 1972. (Hannon, J.C., Ratliffe, T.) Due to the Scholars wanted to eliminate the gender inequity and inequitable teaching behaviors in physical education that limited the learning potential of boys and girls so Title IX was enacted. (Dunbar & O’Sullivan, 1986; Griffin, 1984; Treanor, Graber, Housner, & Wiegand, 1998). As a result, most secondary schools changed from single gender classes to coeducational classes in physical education. The physical education classes had become coeducational in nature and the boys and girls could take part in similar activities. (Gabbei, 2004; Hill & Cleven 2005). Lay (1990) stated that coeducational classes were one of the specific clauses issued by Title IX if they ignored this was breaking the law. Ligg (1993) also pointed out that the offering of single gender courses and programs were forbidden in Title IX. However, there were some arguments about coeducational physical education so it had led some calls for change. Scraton (1993) suggested that coeducational physical education returned to single gender physical education. The integration of boys and girls in physical educ... ... middle of paper ... ...d avoid activity with the boys because it was danger to them. Many girls had a big concern on physical development such as strength; size, power and speed were different between boys and girls; they chose not to participate in coeducational classes because of the physical disadvantages when participating with boys. (Derry, 2002) Other benefits Coeducational classes According to Griffin (1984) and Stamm (1979), they stated that coeducation was an initial opportunity to test the limits to remove gender-role stereotypes, so it provided a chance for student to learn and enjoy recreational activities together. Scott A. G. M. Crawford, professor college of Education and Professional Studies, from Eastern Illinois University said that coeducational environment was the best for the full development of students including social, physical, intellectual, and emotional growth.
competing with the opposite sex, particularly females. Also, when athletes are playing coed sports they get a sense of pride knowing they can compete with the other gender. Although females are labeled as less advantaged when playing with males, their increased sense of pride and self-confidence allows them to be “up to the challenge of competing against males” (“Should Sports Be Coed?” Junior Scholastic). When males and females are allowed to play sports together, they are benefited with greater self-confidence.
Title IX was the stepping-stone for mergers and sports, but immediately after the merging took place, women were fully discriminated against. When men and women's sports combined, it opened new administrative positions for women, but what these women found were that they were constantly being pushed down to the bottom of the pile, to the least authoritative positions. Men were the head coaches, and the head of the physical education departments Men organized the teams schedule for the season and organized practice hours. Also, "male sexist attitudes ensured that male rather than female athletic directors and heads of physical education departments were almost automatically appointed to direct merged departments" (Hult p.96) This male over female preference continued right up to today. As of 1992 there are more men in administrative sports positions than women.
The debate over Title IX is a complex one, with many sides relentlessly attacking each other’s approaches regarding the law. The Title IX advocates, largely comprised of women’s organizations such as the National Women’s Law Center (NWLC), take the approach that the law is the major reason women have achieved somewhat equal opportunities in athletics. The NWLC contends that abolishing Title IX would undo years of progress so far achieved. In sharp contrast with the Title IX advocates are the Title IX opponents, who are largely comprised of the National Wrestling Coaches Association (...
Since the passage of Title IX, there have been many more opportunities for both males and females in all aspects of athletics (Preist, 2003). While there has been a large increase in sports participants and opportunities available to young people, there have also been negative effects of the bill. Many drastic changes have occurred to our society and sports in the time since Title IX’s passage. Throughout this transition period, there have been financial, cultural, and social dynamics shifts to all levels of sports.
On a more personal level, it has been my observation that up until the junior high level both boys and girls are actively engaged in sports, but once the boys start to get bigger, the adults in the society become apprehensive about allowing mixed gender play. I feel as though society has a tough time embracing the possibility that women might get hurt if they play sports. It is at this point in a student's career that a great division occurs, all of a sudden innocent games become strictly regulated and boys and girls are separated.
Gender inequality affected sporting activities among high school and colleges in America in the 1970s, to an extent that the female gender were marginalized and could not freely participate in games like athletics, basketball and hockey (Houser, 2013). There even existed one sporting body, the National Collegiate Athletic Association, which over saw the sporting activities at this level. This body was reported to be in opposition of the female gender sporting activities. It was not until the year 1972, when the popular title IX, was passed into law. This title read that “no person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.” The core theme of title IX was to eliminate discrimination in the sporting sector and to promote the status of the female gender in the same field. This title is contained in the Education Amendment Act of the year 1972, and it was meant to fill the gaps present in the title VII, which was included in the Civil Rights applied into law in the year1964 (ibid). It after the emergence of this title that brought the motivation towards the implementation of equality in the sporting sector, an idea that was pushed for by the popular Lonnie Leotus “Lee” Morrison. This essay accounts for the efforts made by Morrison in effort towards achieving gender equality in sports at high school and college level.
Discrimination of women has been going on throughout the world since almost the beginning of time. Since the year of 1972, the United States of America has passed a law called title IX, which has improved women’s rights drastically. Title IX states: “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.”(Office) Within a college/university or any federal financially assisted program title IX is applied. Women are to be treated equally and are given the opportunity to be involved in all activities that men are offered. Title IX has changed a women’s life in a positive way with the changes that have affected many women attending a college or university. Schools have to allow women in any classes that are offered but for sports it is a bit different. The school has to offer the same number of opportunities for women sports as men sports. Some have said that this will cause schools to cut some of the men’s sports to allow for equal numbers. “Overall, men's athletic opportunities since Title IX's passage have increased,” said the Women’s Sports Foundation.(Women’s) Many say that this is unfair to remove some of the men’s athletics, but is it fair that the women do not have to same opportunities that the men do? Title IX is not all about athletic equality; it also is involved in the classrooms and on the campuses of the college or university. Several main issues that title IX has improved are sexual harassment, equality in the classroom, equality in extracurricular activities and self-confidence in women.
Claussen, Cathryn L. "Female sport participation in America: the effectiveness of Title IX after 35 years." The International Sports Law Journal 3-4 (July-Oct 2007)
Have you ever wondered why many schools have more women’s athletic teams than the men do? This is due to the fact that all universities must abide by the regulations put in place by Title IX. Title IX in many ways is responsible for the growth and success of women’s collegiate athletics. Even though it has contributed to the growth of Women’s athletics has, in turn, had a negative effect on the opportunities male students have to participate in sports.
Colleges and schools where both females and males are educated together are termed to be “coeducational.” Long previous to our modern day society, segregating male and female in education systems was considered the “norm.” During these traditionally dominant ancient times, coeducation was prevalent in Europe and the idea of integrating such unique groups became such a phenomenon. This widespread of coeducation was eventually developed in American countries and has grown to be a universally accepted mode of education. Not only was this idea “new” and “innovative,” but it also crossed the line of our ancestor’s valued practice of tradition. Although this system went against what tradition honored, this new system of education generated comradery between individuals of the opposite sex and has knowledged them of skills one was unable to exercise in a single-sex educational environment. Coeducation, being the more modern system of education, has caused single-sex systems to become more outdated and inconvenient to society’s evolving standards. Exposure to the opposite sex introduces students life skills vital to a professional workfield thus, it shows males and females the importance of maintaining a symbiotic relationship and how they benefit from one another. Schools worldwide should consider the practice of educating students of both sexes in the same educational institution to allow for opportunity for one to build character in accordance to our evolving society and acquire flexibility in social skills.
In recent years, there has been a passionate debate that has gained considerable attention between same-sex physical education classes and coeducational physical education classes. Coeducation physical education classes were executed in an attempt to meet and sustain the requirements of Title IX. Title IX, Education Amendments of 1972, prohibits discrimination, exclusion of participating in, or receiving benefits of any academic program or activity, based on sex, in an educational institution receiving federal financial funds. Title IX provides integration of males and females in physical education classes; however, unfortunately, it does not guarantee equal treatment.
Sports is a powerful force in society today. People of all ages and both sexes watch and participate in different sports in increasing numbers. Equal opportunity to participate in sports seems like a right that is natural and would be a common sense issue, but unfortunately this has not always been the case. In 1972 Congress enacted the Education Amendments of 1972, this contains Title IX which was intended to ensure that discrimination based on sex was eliminated. The area that this has had the most contentious impact is sports. Has Title IX increased women's opportunities to participate in sports during college equitably and fairly? Title IX has increased opportunities for women to participate in college sports programs with minimal impact on men's sports programs.
For many years gender inequality in sports was still present, even after the women's right movement, Title IX was passed in 1972 (Sandys, 2007). Title IX banned sex discrimination in any education program that is federally financed. This was supposed to correct the imbalance of treatment between the sexes of college students. Since the passing of the federal gender-equality law, universities started to offer a chance for many of women to participate, that was not previously offered before (Adams & Tuggle, 2004). Now that more women have jumped into the sports arena, many institutions are giving the appearance of offering more sports to females (Hardin & Shain, 2005). Equal opportunity for women in sports would provide better psychological and sociological development that would derive from the impact of sports participation.
It is not a big secret that America’s quality of education is sub-par. According the article, “US 17th In Global Education Ranking; Finland, South Korea Claim Top Spots” by Amrutha Gayathri, it’s obvious from the title alone that the United States is falling behind. Without change, the United States will continue to be behind in education. An issue that currently plagues the American education system is gender bias. Gender bias in schools has been addressed in laws, but it still persists in American schools, such as Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 and the U.S. code Title 42, Chapter 21 regarding Civil Rights. Both laws attempt to discourage gender bias through the illegality of gender discrimination. Title IX addresses bias in federally funded educational and athletic programs in schools and colleges within the United States. Title 42, Chapter 21 of the U.S. Code prohibits discrimination based on gender, age, race, religion, and other characteristics within a number of settings, including education. Despite these laws, gender bias is still prevalent within American schools. A proposed solution to gender bias is gender segregated classrooms, which has proven to be a popular alternative to co-ed classrooms. Leonard Sax, author of “Six Degrees of Separation: What Teachers Need to Know about the Emerging Science of Sex Differences,” is a leading proponent of single-sex schools. Single-sex schools are not without critics though. Jaclyn Zubrzycki’s article, “Single-Gender Schools Scrutinized,” claims that single-sex environments “are not inherently beneficial for boys or most girls.” When considering both Zubrycki’s and Sax’s findings, it would seem that the ideal solution to liberate the American education system of gender...
Hi, everyone and thank you for coming. Today I will be talking about why physical education is so important and why it should be required to graduate and why students should have to take be enrolled in physical education every year they are in school.