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The role of dreams
The role of dreams
Psychodynamic theory of dreaming
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"That you have but slumber'd here
While these visions did appear.
And this weak and idle theme,
No more yielding but a dream…."
William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's Dream
Each night, visions inhabit our minds during sleep and vanish with the morning light. These visions, these dreams, are without substance. Often, the waking mind recalls dreams only vaguely, if at all. A complete, separate world seems to exist within each of us; a world that can only be found through sleep, through dreams. What are dreams? Why do some people find nightly reverie in the comfort of their beds, while others dread sleep, terrified of the content of their dreams, and yet others recall no dreams to fear or fancy? Speculations on dreams are common and vastly variant. Some people imagine that their dreams are prophetic, while others insist that dreams are merely random firings of neurons. Perhaps a more encompassing view of dreams is appropriate. Neural firing causes dreams, but the randomness of dreams is questionable, since dreams are often correlated with the immediate emotional state of the dreamer. The theories that are presented here do not completely explain dreams. There are many missing pieces to the puzzle of the mind, and our theories on dreaming still have rather large holes.
Dreams occur during sleep. While REM sleep is the best biological condition for dreaming, dreams may occur any time during sleep (1). The brain is less responsive to external inputs while sleeping, engaged, instead, with internally generated input (2) . While responsiveness to external input is greatly reduced during sleep, the brain in not completely unresponsive and can be stimulated by the environment (1) . Thus, exte...
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...n the physiological causes of dreams. In essence, dreams are caused by firings of the neurons in the brain, re-establishing a chemical balance. The second explanation for dreams consisted of psychological effects of dreaming. Dreaming settles emotional disturbance, integrating current feelings with memory. While our understanding of dreams is still incomplete, these two pictures of dreams compliment each other well. Both models essentially maintain homeostasis in the mind, chemically and emotionally. Since chemicals determine emotion, both models say the same thing, but in different ways.
Internet Sources:
1)Outline for a theory on the nature and functions of Dreaming , Ernest Hartmann, M.D.
http://www.asdreams.org/journal/articles/outline.htm
2) Sleep and Memory: Evolutionary Perspectives , J. Lee Kavan
http://bisleep.medsch.ucla.edu/SRS/srs/kavan.htm
A New Kind of Dreaming is a novel written by Anthony Eaton, about a teenage boy, Jamie Riley, being referred to rural Western Australia where, he meets new friends, enemies and also discovers a shocking secret about the towns head police officer. The pressure to find out the secret puts Jamie in a great deal of trouble, from being frightened by the police, blamed for a fire and vandalism offences and even going missing in the desert. The characters have authority or are defenceless.
It is concluded that all of the studies share a common element. Numeral amounts of research on behalf of this matter have established that boot camp participation has no effect on preceding criminal behavior. Boot camps focus on a specific type of offender which is the first time offender and not the high risk offender. A large percentage of boot camp graduates return back to society and in time tends to return to the department of corrections within the study periods. The alternative program does not succeed on producing the desired results. Instead alternative results are produced by boot camp programs. It reduces prison overcrowding and reduces the cost to house an inmate. The setting throughout these studies consists of a disciplinary setting. Most of the boot camps are dissimilar because they are located and administered by different states. All of the following studies tend to focus more on the effect of juveniles over
Cartwright, R.D. (1978) A primer on Sleep and Dreaming. Massachusetts : Addison - Wesley, Publishing, Company
Walt Disney sadly died on December 15, 1966. He was unable to see his dream come to life. "Walt Disney lives in the hearts of people around the world to whom he has brought joy and laughter and the conviction that when you truly believe, dreams do come true." Walt Disney once said "All our dreams come true if we have to courage to pursue them." I believe that Walt Disney's legacy will live on and that his dreams did come true even though he did not get to see it happen. Even though Walt Disney had many struggles had got past them and now look at what he has accomplished.
Our society as a whole is beginning to evolve into numerous classifications. Our society branches off of the social norm structure that we have thrived from for our whole existence. Now however, people in society are going throughout their lives not always aware of the impacts that their choices and influences make on the everyday world around them. From the time people are able to grasp the concept of right and wrong until it is their turn to pass down what is right or wrong, they are not only affecting the social structure of life, but the lives of so many around them, whether they may know it or not. Although most people in society try to avoid the negative forces around them, it is now becoming an excruciating challenge to avoid the pressure and rise to a daunting task. With so many types of deviance floating around the air, it is now nearly impossible to try and not get exposed to deviance and the consequences that come with it. Deviance does not just occur in one place either. Now, it is harder than ever to not catch this behavior. It is
The Maryland experience, together with problems in other states, has already led some states to close their boot camps and even to rethink how their penal laws treat young offenders. All in all, it is a remarkable turn of events for an idea that was once greeted as a breakthrough in the fight against juvenile crime
II. (Introduce Topic) Since the beginning of time, people have been trying to understand the different functions of the human body, how we move, talk, and even act. Many of these physiological behaviors have been explained to some extent. However, one area of the human body that has baffled researchers, is that of the mind. Many things that go on inside the mind that don’t make sense, and serves no real explanation as to why or how things happen. One of the most fascinating and mysterious sections of psychology is that of dreaming. Even though there are numerous theories about dreams; whomever you are, wherever you live, you will dream. Whether it's a good dream or a nightmare is up to your mind, but there must be some reasoning behind dreams, right?
In 2004–2005, the Penn Humanities Forum will focus on the topic of “Sleep and Dreams.” Proposals are invited from researchers in all humanistic fields concerned with representations of sleep, metaphors used to describe sleep, and sleep as a metaphor in itself. In addition, we solicit applications from those who study dreams, visions, and nightmares in art or in life, and the approaches taken to their interpretation. We also welcome proposals about the effects of dreaming on the dreamer, and the resulting emotions, behaviors, and actions taken or foregone in response to dreams. In this Forum on Sleep and Dreams, we will see how the diversity of academic disciplines can help answer important questions about sleep and dreaming—questions that may touch the basis of human intellect.
Deviance is a complex topic because of what it takes for an act to be considered deviant. Norms vary from culture and time, and notions of deviance
Individuals become deviants when society decides to call the acts deviance. It is a labeling process put on the person. An example of deviant behavior would be the teen youth wearing ba...
Paul Gee, James. "Video Games Are Good for Your Soul." Good Video Games + Good Learning. New York, NY: Peter Lang, 2007. 13 Nov. 2013
Dreams are very complex things. Scientists have a hard time trying to understand why people dream. Although recently, neurosurgery’s precise methods of research and invention of sophisticated electrical appliances, have enabled the scientists to increase their knowledge of the human brain, nervous systems, and the body’s biochemistry (Strachey 20). The invention of the electroencephalograph, otherwise known as an EEG, has made it possible for a trained operator to read the brain’s reactions during wakefulness, rest, and sleep (Schneider). The machine detects and enormously amplifies the very faint electrical impulses produced by the brain; placing electrodes against subjects scalp (Freud). “Professor Nathanial Kleitman of Chicago university, discovered that babies have a sleep rhythm of fifty to sixty minutes after which they are inclined to wake up, although obviously they can’t always”(Freud). As children grow, the body begins to develop the ninety-minute cycle associated with adult sleepers. The pattern of sleep is acquired and controlled by environmental and social conditioning. However, as people grow older the body tends to revert to the naptime habits of babyhood (Freud). Yet, though people more or less choose when to sleep, the basic ninety-minute rhythm remains. It is biological and not controlled by consciousness, rather as a healthy person’s metabolism functions autonomously (Parker 93). “Eugene Aserinsky noticed that after an infant fell asleep it’s eyes moved beneath the closed lids. Also, at intervals during sleep and was the first movement when the baby began to wake”(Freud). Kleitman and Aserinsky decided to investigate whether such a pattern could be found in adult sleepers as well (Freud). By attaching extra electrodes from the EEG machine to areas around volunteer sleeper’s eyes, the two scientists were able to monitor brain impulses and movements, while measuring respiration and body movements (Freud). The scientists concluded that there were two types of eye movement. Slow as found in babies and very fast movements, this could last from a few minutes to over a half an hour (Freud). These rapid eye movements, which are commonly known as REMs appeared to occur at intervals throughout the night (Beare).
“There are plenty of skills I’ve learned from playing video games. It’s more interactive then watching TV, because there are problems to solve as you’re using your brain.” This quote was said by the famous US athlete Shaun White. (Quote 1) Video games started in the late sixties and early seventies. (History 1) Later down the road, companies such as Sony and Nintendo came out with bigger and better consoles. “Sixty-three percent of parents believe that games are a positive part of their children’s lives.” (GCP 1) While video games can promote violence and cause adolescents to be lazy, video games are beneficial to adolescents because they help reduce stress and anxiety, they provide a fun way to learn, and they make exercise more appealing.
Boot camps can be useful for early prevention of delinquency and can be used for reality checks. In the “Juvenile Justice Reform Initiatives” researchers state “The first juvenile boot camp was developed in Orleans Parish, LA, in 1985” (143). It is noted in “A National Study Comparing the Environments of Boot Camps, boot camps were a popular sentencing option for juvenile delinquents (MacKenzie et. al 1). They were established to change behaviors and try to save the adolescents from themselves. There are controversies surrounding the program, but there are beneficial reasons for having boot camps in place for the youth.
Muscar, J. (2008). Advocating the End of Juvenile Boot Camps: Why the Military Model Does Not Belong in the Juvenile Justice System. UC Davis J. Juv. L. & Pol'y, 12, 1.