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Role Of Women In English Literature
Penelope the Odyssey character
Role Of Women In English Literature
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Penelope becomes a paradigm of an ideal wife in Athenian patriarchal society, according to William J. O'Neal. The heroine of The Odyssey is often seen as a symbol of faithfulness; she is a devoted wife and mother. Penelope is as equally smart and inventive as her husband Odysseus. “The ancient epic depicts her as a meet spouse for the clever hero. She is equally patient and clever and thinks up stratagems to deal with the crisis that comes up in her environment,” states Van Zyl Smith (394). As a married and possibly widowed woman she is forced to lie to save her marriage. She promises suitors that she will choose a husband as soon as the shroud is completed. Penelope works for three years on weaving a shroud for the funeral of her father-in-law,
In the Odyssey, written by, Homer Penelope seems, at first, to be portrayed as someone constantly weeping for her husband, while being oblivious to the struggles of her kingdom. However, the story actually portrays her as someone who is in control of her surroundings. Penelope is torn at the thought of not seeing her husband again. Back when Penelope was alive it was not proper for a lady to be with more than one man and Penelope knew this. She did not wish to be with more than one man, so she used her weeping to distract her suitors so she would not be looked at with disgrace in her century. After twenty years Penelope is given strength, while pretending to be oblivious, in a categorical way Penelope demonstrates her
of a year. It is only after hearing the appeals of his men that Odysseus
Then there is Odysseus’ wife, Penelope. She is depicted as an individual. Homer makes her character appear as very clever and also very loyal. Never once during Odysseus twenty years of absence does she remarry. She tolerates the suitors in her home for ten years but never chooses, always with the hope that her first husband, Odysseus, will return. Homer also makes her seem clever when she gets all of the suitors to bring her gifts before she “chooses one” knowing that they are in a short supply of resources. In another instance he portrays her as clever in the way that she keeps the suitor away by weaving the tunic for Odysseus and secretly taking it apart every night. The role Penelope plays is very important because she is seen as a person, not a possession.
She is loyal, having waited for Odysseus for twenty years, not remarrying, though she thought he was gone for good. She also plays a much more active role in the marriage she has with Odysseus. Perhaps the most defining characteristics attributed to Penelope involve her role as a woman, in marriage and as a presumed “widow”. First, there seems to be a double standard, like described in Calypso’s case, between the loyalty of Penelope and the loyalty of Odysseus. Penelope is physically and emotionally loyal to Odysseus, while Odysseus is only emotionally loyal, meaning he has had sexual relations with other women within the twenty years he has been gone. During this time period in Greek culture, this was not frowned upon and was quite normal, suggesting that women were held to a different standard than men. In addition, as Penelope is presumed to be a widow, at least by the suitors, she is prized solely for her beauty. The suitors speak only of her beauty and none of her intelligence or of her personality or soul. This suggests that marriage was not always about love, and that women were judged and valued merely for their beauty. This idea further proves the act of sexualizing women during this
Women play an influential role in The Odyssey. Women appear throughout the story, as goddesses, wives, princesses, or servants. The nymph Calypso enslaves Odysseus for many years. Odysseus desires to reach home and his wife Penelope. It is the goddess Athena who sets the action of The Odyssey rolling; she also guides and orchestrates everything to Odysseus’ good. Women in The Odyssey are divided into two classes: seductresses and helpmeets. By doing so, Homer demonstrates that women have the power to either hinder of help men. Only one woman is able to successfully combine elements of both classes: Penelope. She serves as a role model of virtue and craftiness. All the other women are compared to and contrasted with Penelope.
In this assignment, I will be analyzing the characteristics of Odysseus and Penelope based on Homer and Ovid’s accounts. By exploring this element, we can compare and contrast how Odysseus and Penelope behave in certain situations. Although they have many similarities, they are both different as well, in which each displays a series of their own wisdoms in their encounters.
The power and influence of women is symbolized in Odysseus’ encounter with the dead in Hades. In the Underworld, Odysseus meets more women than men. He meets his mother and then a “grand array of women” (334). They all were “wives and daughters once of princes” (334). All of them are the legendary women who were the mothers of the greatest Greek lineages. This symbolizes how Greek civilization was founded by women; they were the ones who gave birth to the heroes. Similarly, The Odyssey is a story created by women. The plot revolves around the actions of women. Athena orchestrates all the events. The seductresses, such as Circe, the sirens, and Calypso, attempt to stop Odysseus from reaching home. The helpmeets, such as Nausicaa, Arete, and Athena, aid Odysseus in his homecoming. The wise and virtuous Penelope is the object of Odysseus’ quest. Unlike Helen who forsakes her husband, Penelope remains faithful. Unlike Clytemnestra who assassinates her husband, Penelope patiently waits for Odysseus. She becomes a model of female patience and of female intelligence. Her craftiness is the only one which can match up to Odysseus’. The Odyssey presents a wide array of women and demonstrates the influence that women have in the life of a
Often times in life we search for a companion, someone to share our love and life with. Odysseus and Penelope's lasting relationship is an obvious representation of love in the Odyssey. Although Odysseus is gone for twenty years he never forgets his faithful wife in Ithaca. This love helps him persevere through the many hardships that he encounters on his journey home. Penelope also exemplifies this same kind of love for Odysseus. At home in Ithaca, she stays loyal to Odysseus by unraveling his shroud and delaying her marriage to the suitors that are courting her. She always keeps the hope that her love, Odysseus, will return. Odysseus and Penelope's marriage clearly illustrates the theme of love.
However, his journey isn’t over yet. This last leg of Odysseus’s journey is perhaps the most important and crucial. Odysseus’s nurse and maidservant, Eurycleia is the first woman in Ithaca to know that Odysseus is back after she recognizes the scar on his leg while she is washing him. Eurycleia vows to keep his identity a secret. Odysseus’s wife, Penelope has stayed faithful to Odysseus for all the years that he was gone. Penelope was consistently unweaving her web to the delay the suitors. The reader even grows sympathetic for Penelope as “we see her struggle to make the virtuous choice about her marriage, despite pressures from her suitors, her son’s endangered situation, and her own uncertainty about Odysseus’s survival” (Foley ). Finally, Odysseus reveals his identity and Penelope is bewildered, but quickly embraces her husband after he tells her the secret of their immovable bed. It is the faithfulness of Penelope and nurse Eurycleia that insures Odysseus’s survival to the very end.
One important characteristic that Penelope and Odysseus share is their loyalty to each other. Odysseus failed to return home seven years after the Trojan war. Because he is assumed dead, 108 wealthy noblemen and princes invade his palace and refuse to leave until Penelope has married one of them. By marrying her, the suitors hope to gain control over Odysseus’s wealth and power. However, Penelope remains faithful to Odysseus. But, as a woman, she is powerless to remove the suitors from the palace. And without a man in the household, she is subject to her father’s decisions. However, despite his wish for her to remarry, Penelope clings to the hope of Odysseus’s return and remains faithful to him. She waits and gathers information by asking strangers who arrive in Ithaca about Odysseus. She goes through the stories of their encounter point by point, and asks about every detail while tears stream down her eyes. Although the suitors promise her a secure future, Penelope continues to wait for Odysseus. Without Odysseus, she does not believe that she will ever be happy again.
In the era of Homer, women played a very specific role in society, and even in literature. Women of this time were basically put in a box, and expected to never step out of line. If they did go against the arbitration of men, then they were faced with serious consequences. However, female characters play a huge role in both aiding, and delaying Odysseus’s journey home. I will proceed to analyze, and interpret the actions and intentions of every major female character in The Odyssey.
Penelope has a very active conscious and sub-conscious. At times, it is difficult to distinguish which acts are being committed by her consciously and which are being committed subconsciously. With this in mind, it is beneficial to think of her cleverness being illustrated on both levels.
There are many people in Greek mythology that represent an important theme or value. Penelope is a great example of what many ancient Greeks wanted in a wife because she showed that she was faithful to her husband from the day that they were married, remaining committed to her marriage even when her husband was was gone and many other men were fighting for her, and being clever enough to come up with an impossible task for a suitor to complete before he could marry her. While she may not seem that important or extraordinary to many people because she isn’t a goddess, she still represents a significant characteristic in a marriage.
Women continue to play diverse and complex roles in mythology in many cultures and time periods. Penelope from “The Odyssey” is an important yet subtle character throughout the text. Penelope is a character that develops and grows in the background of the action of Odysseus’s journey and really encompasses the ideology of women in mythology. As we discussed in class, symbolism is a major concept throughout “The Odyssey” and in my opinion Penelope is a symbol herself. Penelope is often dismissed, although she is a complex character influenced by the culture and her surroundings which continue to develop throughout the text and can be perceived by the reader as flighty and emotional or clever and manipulative.
Penelope’s husband, Odysseus, was lost for twenty years after leaving for Ilion and the Trojan War. There was an expectation that Penelope honor her husband by not remarrying (Homer 2007: 100). Her job is to grieve for her husband and maintain his seat of power for either her son or husband. Penelope had numerous suitors vying for her attention and for Odysseus’s status. Instead of giving in, she honorably held them off. Penelope did so two ways. The first was by weaving and unweaving a funeral shroud for Odysseus’s father with this act itself, an honorable task for her to undertake (Homer 2007: 231). The second of tricks was to devise a contest. She told the suitors that she would marry whomever could string the bow and deliver an arrow through twelve axes despite knowing that they would be unable to complete the challenge (Homer 2007: 183,186). She knows that the suitors cannot do so, and therefore, she will not be forced to marry anyone and will stay honorable for her husband. Her husband comes back and slays the suitors. Then, they suitors descend into the underworld and relay the story to the dead (Homer 2007: 232). Farther on that same page, Agamemnon comments that Penelope’s virtue will give her fame, even going as far as to say that there will be a song of praise in her honor from the men of earth. She obeyed what was expected of her and held on to her honor.