A man (let’s call him Joe) injects an unknown hormone, provided by a veterinarian, into a pecan tree. The following season, the pecan tree produces crop for the first time. Thereafter, the pecan tree produces crop the following seasons without acquiring another hormone shot. Is the crop production due to the hormone shot or other factors?
Cattle breeders inject their female cattle (cows) with hormones to help with reproduction for reasons such as fertility and synchronization. With fertility help, the cow is injected with a hormone such as GnRH in Factrel, Fertagyl, and Cystrolrelin to help start ovulation. Once the cow begins to ovulate, it may become pregnant. Another reason hormone injections are used in cows is for synchronization. The
…show more content…
goal of synchronization is to manipulate the estrous cycle so that the cows can be bred around the same time. However, during synchronization, multiple doses of hormone shots must be injected. The hormone Prostaglandins in Lutalyse, Estrumate, or IN-SYNC products and the hormone GnRH in Factrel, Fertagyl, or Cystrolrelin products are injected. Also, Progestins (CIDR, MGA) must be vaginally inserted or injested. Plants do have hormones. Auxin hormones are produced in the shoot apical meristem, fruit, and new leaves. Auxins regulate root growth, cell elongation, and fruit drop. Gibberellin hormones affect the rate of cell division, the flowering of a plant, sized of fruits/leaves, and dormancy of the seed and buds. Cytokinin hormones stimulate differentiation and cell division. Abscisic acid regulates other hormones to stunt growth during stressful times. A hormone that is secreted by the ovaries and prepares the uterus for pregnancy, progesterone hormone, was recently discovered in plants. If the veterinarian gave Joe a shot of progesterone for his “cow”, or tree, it may be possible that this hormone is what caused his pecan tree to produce. However, after researching many hormones and products provided for cow fertility, it is unlikely that this injection was filled with progesterone. If this veterinarian gave Joe progesterone, it would have been in the form of CIDR (controlled internal drug release) that is inserted vaginally or MGA (Melengestrol Acetate) which must be fed to the cow. Since Joe was given an injection and not one of these alternatives, it was most likely not progesterone. Plants do not have GnRH and prostaglandin requires two injections to be successful. Therefore, the injection was not the cause of the crop production. Joe doesn’t know how old his pecan tree is or what type of pecan tree he has.
Pecan trees are also deciduous angiosperms. I believe it is safe to say that his pecan tree was not producing because it may have not been fully mature at the time that it was given a shot. Also, as a cattle farmer, or rancher, Joe probably owns hundreds if not thousands of acres of land for his cattle to roam. It is possible that Joe may have not come across the tree until it had just obtained characteristics of a pecan tree and was only a few years old and immature. Depending on the species, the pecan tree can produce crop at 6 years old but some, such as ‘Stuart,’ require more years. Another possibility is a low crop yield that was so small that Joe may not have even noticed the tree producing. Pecan trees have both male and female flowers so it has the ability to self-fertilize; however, its best crop production comes from being cross pollinated by wind or insects. If Joe doesn’t have another pecan tree in the area, this self-fertilization could have led to a low crop yield. Also, pecan trees have a severe problem with alternative bearing. This is when the tree produces a fruit one or two years but not the next. This is because the trees do not have enough carbohydrate reserves to use in crop production for the following season. Finally, another possible scenario is that the pecans were eaten by other organisms before Joe could get to the tree. Crows, other birds, and squirrels consume a lot of pecans. They could have eaten the entire crop before Joe even noticed. This would be more of a possibility of Joe not noticing the crop if the tree was producing a low crop yield and that low yield was being consumed by
animals. In conclusion, I do not support the hypothesis that the hormone injection influenced crop production. I do believe that Joe’s pecan tree was most likely not mature yet, and he had just noticed in time to observe the tree’s first yield the next season. I will also add that I do think there is a possibility that the tree had a low crop yield, which may have been consumed by other organisms, and/or Joe’s tree was in a state of alternative bearing.
Terry Kay’s father cultivates fruit trees. Fruit trees generally live for approximately ten years then die off. It takes fruit trees three to five years before they will bear fruit. Overall fruit trees require a short term commitment. Although Kay’s father became famous for his well grown trees, it did not require the dedication and time that Sam Peek had to exert for his pecan trees.[b2] In the novel Sam Peek has dedicated his life to the growth and production of his pecan trees. Pecan trees take at least five years to yield fruit and can live up to seventy-five years. They take much more time and effort to yield profit. Cultivating pecan trees is a life long project. In the novel Sam Peek dedicates his life to the care of his pecan trees. In his old age, when he is retired from the tree business, he still has the commitment to go to the pecan orchard and pull weeds. This shows Sam Peeks strong bonds to his life and family[b3]. He is very much tied down to the land around his family home. His dedication to his trees is because he wishes to provide a good life for his family. He pours a lot of effort into this wish.
The same contraceptive has also been used in other sections of the United States to limit population growth such as white-tailed deers, and pigs. However, contraceptives have caused controversy in the safety of the horses’ health. However, in a study done by Turner, A., and Kirkpatrick, J.F., the effects of the contraceptive were studied in foals over the course of twelve years in Assateague Island. Horses that were vaccinated with the contraceptive returned to fertility between 1-5 years, however, when exceeded the seven year mark, the horses remained infertile. It was also concluded that there was no difference in survival rates of the horses.
By reading one of Richard Wilbur’s poems, one can get extremely confused while trying to find the actual meaning of the poem. Someone could take the easy way out and not try to get deep down into the poem to find the real meaning, or one could investigate the poem and learn what Wilbur is trying to get across to the reader. In "Orchard Trees, January," one could pick up what Wilbur is trying to say if one takes the time to think about it. On some of his poems, though, it is nearly impossible to know what he is talking about. Only the interpretation from Wilbur himself could help one who is completely baffled by one of his poems. Authors often write their poems at the spur of the moment, and the mood that the poet is in reflects the meaning of the poem. Centenary College was lucky enough for Richard Wilbur to come to the school and explicate many of his poems. This helps in dissecting Wilbur’s poems.
However, this approach has many challenges for which solutions have been elusive to date. Ideally, methods for contraception of wild horses should be safe and reversible, effective for several years, practical to administer and be of a reasonable cost and whilst having minimal effect on reproductive and/or harem behavior. This ensures the methods that are used to control the reproductive cycle are considered to be humane and ethical.
Laliberte, Richard. "Growth Hormones in Beef and Milk." WeightWatchers.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2013. .
The Pecan tree is a native tree to North America. When early European settlers traveled across the sea to settle in the New World, they found pecan trees located in numerous places in this new land. Since then, the pecan tree has become one of the most important orchard species in terms of acreage. Indians began using pecans almost 8000 years ago in what is now Texas. The first budded pecan trees were produced in Louisiana in the mid-1800s and orchards have been established throughout the Southern states. The first recorded shipment of pecans to England was documented in 1761, by Spanish and European explorers (Anderson and Crocker, 2004). In 1917, a commercial shipment of pecans came out of Georgia and since then, Georgia has been the leading producer of pecans. Although Georgia is the leading producer, in some years collections of pecans from wild trees in Oklahoma and Texas surpass the production in Georgia.
Artificial insemination offers. .many advantages to farmers and takes full benefits of the estrus synchronization techniques (Cseh et al., 2012). The small ruminant industry was changed by. .the artificial insemination since it produce better control of reproduction. .and sexually transmitted
Actions that should be taken when working with an interpreter to ensure the success of the business.
character, he would find a way to defend this, a perfect example of this was when the prosecutor highlighted Timmy’s lack of attendance and constant tardiness, the defendant’s lawyer responded to that by asking the witness whether there were any signs of abuse knowing very well that there weren’t, as if there were such signs she would have expressed that observation during the prosecutor’s questioning.
Oestrogen is responsible indirectly for lactation. When the baby first starts to suckle on the breast this sends a sensory signal from the nipple to the brain. The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland then secretes prolactin and the posterior lobe secretes the oxytocin. For the cells of the alveoli to secrete milk, prolactin is necessary. Prolactin increased during pregnancy considerable and its role is to stimulate the growth and development of mammary tissue. During pregnancy however, progesterone and oestrogen are increased and so they block the action of prolactin. After delivery, their levels decrease rapidly and so the prolactin is no longer blocked. This is where the milk secretion begins. Each time the baby suckles the blood levels of prolactin increase and stimulate further milk production by the alveoli. The levels of prolactin are highest 30 minutes into a feeding so it can get ready for the next feed. It is important to know that the more the baby suckles the more milk is produced; it is a supply and demand scenario. After a couple weeks the association between amounts of prolactin an milk produced is decreased. But even still, if the mother stops breastfeeding the milk production will stop. Breastfeeding can also play a role in delaying pregnancy. The suckling releases pituitary hormones that include gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle stimulating
chocolate is a food that people can just THINK about chocolate and feel satisfaction. chocolate is made from the cacao tree which is found in the amazon, and the forests of central and south america. these “chocolate beans” grow inside of cacao pods and then are made into a chocolate liquid. there is an ongoing debate on where chocolate was first made and who made it. some think that it was the aztecs, some think it was the mayans but others think that the olmecs were the people who made chocolate.
He goes on to explain that once exposed to the chilling requirement, the amount of cold weather plants need to break dormancy, they will flower then bear fruit. The trees do not properly break dormancy when there is inadequate cold weather, and often can cause them to produce less and even completely fail in some years. A solution suggested in the paper for the fruit and nut trees of Central Valley, California, was migrating crops northward to areas like Oregon and Washington, but problems that this presents include:
5) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) which is responsible for the stimulation of follicle cells found in the gonads. This encourages either the testes to produce sperm and the ovaries to produce ova.
Fossil records are unable to provide information of on the center of origins of the cacao tree. The cacao tree is in the Sterculiaceae family. The first growers of the cacao pods were probably the people who entered the lowland rain forests of the Amazon Basin between 10,000 and 200 B.P. The full name of the cacao tree is Theobroma cacao. Most of the information of the cacao have been derived from the cultivated crop. The life and reproduction life cycle of Theobroma cacao is identical to a tropical rain forest tree species. Cacao grows optimally in minimal moisture and shade. Cacao is dispersed in small, medium and large areas. This is probably the result of animal dropping the seeds after eating the tasty inside of the pods. Cacao pods are very diverse in morphology. These morphological difference suggests genetic differentiation.
Trees are usually considered as bland, unusual objects that are usually taken for granted; however, I believe there is more to a tree that meets the eye. They supply oxygen and shade. During the holidays, trees are able to spread holiday cheer by wearing holiday decorations. Through providing, they are always beneficial to the needs of others. Rather than having striking beauty like a flower, trees have are grounded and possess a gentle beauty; they are adapted wildflowers to their environment. In fact, if I had to compare myself to an inanimate object, I would choose a tree. A tree has many characteristics in common with me. Characteristics like relying on our roots, strength and observation, and helping others and leaving behind a powerful legacy are a few of the traits we share. All of which I believe are admirable qualities to possess.