INTRODUCTION
John Wycliff was a theologian and early proponent of reform in the Roman Catholic Church during the 14th century. He initiated the first translation of the Bible into the English language and is considered the main precursor of the Protestant Reformation. Wycliff was born at Ipreswell, Yorkshire, England, between 1320 and 1330. He died at Lutterworth December 31, 1384.
John Wycliff’s family was of early Saxon origin, long settled in Yorkshire. In his day the family was a large one, covering a considerable territory. 1324 is the year usually given for Wycliff's birth. Wycliff probably received his early education close to home. It is not known when he first went to Oxford, with which he was so closely connected till the end of his life.
He was at Oxford in about 1345, when a series of illustrious names was adding glory to the fame of the university, such as those of Roger Bacon, Robert Grosseteste, Thomas Bradwardine, William of Occam, and Richard Fitzralph. Wycliff owed much to Occam. He showed an interest in natural science and mathematics, but applied himself to the study of theology, ecclesiastical law, and philosophy. Even Wycliff’s opponents acknowledged the keenness of his dialectic. Wycliff’s writings prove that he was well grounded in Roman and English law, as well as in native history. A family whose seat was in the neighborhood of Wycliff's home, Bernard Castle, founded Balliol College, Oxford to which Wycliffe belonged, first as scholar, then as master. He attained the headship no later than 1360. When he was presented by the college (1361) with the parish of Fylingham in Lincolnshire, he had to give up the leadership of Balliol, though he could continue to live at Oxford. His university career followed the usual course. While as baccalaureate he busied himself with natural science and mathematics, as master he had the right to read in philosophy. More significant was his interest in Bible study, which he pursued after becoming bachelor in theology. His performance led Simon Islip, Archbishop of Canterbury, to place him at the head of Canterbury Hall in 1365. Between 1366 and 1372 he became a doctor of theology. In 1368 he gave up his living at Fylingham and took over the rectory of Ludgershall in Buckinghamshire, not far from Oxford, which enabled him to retain his connection with the university.
It was not as a teacher or preacher that Wycliffe gained his position in history; this came from his activities in ecclesiastical politics, in which he engaged about the mid-1370s, when his reformatory work also began.
Fr John Bede Polding has had a great impact on the formation of the Catholic church as he used the
John Wycliffe was known for the first Bible translating from Latin into the English language. The Catholic Church condemned him for the translating of what we know as the King James version of the bible. The bible was translated again in later years by others.
The Reformation began long before its official start date in 1517, while its consequences are still in effect today. Ideas of reformation began in the middle of the 14th century. By the 16th century the Catholic church sought reform from within itself because between the 14th and 16th centuries the church was faced with a significant decline in authority. Reformers, such as John Wycliffe, Erasmus, and Martin Luther, played significant roles as the source of the Reformation, however; there are other provoking source - indulgences along with the art and literature of the time- and the components combined created unfortunate consequences and positive solutions to the declining authority of the Church.
When it comes to Preacher Paul’s three criminal charges that are against him, two will fail, the other one will likely go through and he will be charged for this. The charge that he will end up being charged for is the violation of a noise ordinance that makes it a crime to yell religious epithets in the downtown area between the hours of noon and 1 PM. Since Paul is in the downtown area from exactly those time frames, and he is yelling about people going to hell in correlation between God hating gay people, then he is yelling religious epithets as well, and key witnesses will attest to this. Therefore, he fits all the criteria needed to be charged successfully for this charge, but if it had been after 1 PM or before noon, he couldn’t be charged.
John Calvin (1509-1564) born in Naylon France was originally sent to attend the University of Paris in 1523 by his Father to become a priest. But soon later discovered that this wasn’t the career path that he wanted to study and decided to study in being a lawyer instead. He attended in law schools of Orleans. Around this time Calvil help continue upbringing of the protestant reformation, I think that its important to note that he did have a feud with Michael Servetus and his thoughts on some theology’s where. Not only did he argue with Michael but he also argued and questioned the higher authority like the pope and opened up new ideas for others to look at the bible in a whole different way. Around 1533 the estate of Paris was done with John’s reformation and forced him to leave.
First off, Wycliffe is the reason for the Reformation because he argued that the Bible and Jesus Christ were above the Pope. This is an issue because the Pope was seen as a leader in the times before the Reformation. Wycliffe argued against the Pope saying, “Trust wholly in Christ; rely altogether on his sufferings; beware of seeking to be justified in any other way than his righteousness.” (Christianity today, John Wycliffe). At this point John has been saying that Christ is first, so therefor Jesus has the last word. You cannot argue with the Bible in this era, so how can the Pope be above Christ? He can't.
When reviewing the life of John Wycliffe a well-known 14th century theologian, philosopher, preacher and reformer; we will look into the details that caused him to challenge papal authority. We will detail what caused John Wycliffe to be known as patriot and reformer that took on the Catholic Church in order to deal with the corruption that was plaguing the Catholic faith.
Martin Luther, the reformer, realized the signifiance of being justified by faith alone, not the works of the law, by his study of Romans. Through Luther the reformation was started. Also, the 4th century church father Augustine was brought to faith by reading Romans.
Pauls's Case is the story of a young man who struggles with his identity. Paul feels that he knows where he belongs, but his family and teachers refuse to support his choices. In the middle of Paul's Case, there is a switch in narration. At this point, the reader can associate with Paul and his problems. Paul struggles with both internal and external conflicts, causing him to be quite a puzzling character. From tha perspective of his family and teachers, Paul seems abnormal. From his perspective, however, he seems misunderstood.
Harris calls Paul “the most influential apostle and missionary of the mid-first-century CE church and author of seven to nine New Testament letters” (H G-33). It would be quite an accolade to receive such recognition, but what makes it even more remarkable is that Paul, or Saul, (Saul was his Judean name and Paul was his Roman name (footnotes B 1943)) originally persecuted the ekklesia or “church”. Paul went from persecuting the ekklesia or “church” to being its “most influential apostle and missionary”. Why and how did Paul make such a drastic change? The answer to the question can be found in various books of the New Testament including some of the letters that Paul wrote. This answer also aids in the explanation of how and why Paul argue with the Ioudaioi.
Reformers like Martin Luther, John Calvin and King Henry VIII challenged papal authority and questioned the Catholic Church’s ability to define Christian practice. (History.com Staff, 2009) Martin Luther was one of the most influential and controversial figures in the reformative movement. His actions fractured the Roman Catholic Church into new sects of Christianity and set in motion a reform within the Church. (Biography.com Editors) Additionally, today, John Calvin rests with distinct accreditation as the highest influential figurehead in the second generation of the Protestant Reformation. Henry VIII served as the connection between the Church of England and Rome and abandoning of the catholic doctrine would never been allowed. However, when it came to his son, Edward VI, obeying papal authority wasn’t his strongest quality, which led to the establishing Protestantism for England. Unsuccessful in her efforts, Mary fought for the reestablishment of Catholicism. To this day, English Church remains both Catholic and
Wollstonecraft was born on April 27, 1759, in London, England. Brought up by an abusive father, whom squandered a large amount of his of his inheritance attempting to establish himself in farming. Nearly all of his ventures failed, forcing the family to move several times when Wollstonecraft was a young girl. Wollstonecraft's views towards marriage, were influenced through experiencing her father become an alcoholic and his actions towards her mother (who died in 1780). After witnessing such horrors, Wollstonecraft left home and dedicated her life to writing. Mary, her sister (Eliza), and her best friend (Fanny), established a school in Newington Green (1784). In 1787, Wollstonecraft wrote a pamphlet based on her teaching experiences: Thoughts
was a tough road, he had to work in the farms and also try to
John was born on March 4, 1340, in Ghent (hence Gaunt) in the city of Flanders, England at a turning point in the social and cultural expansion of Europe and England. Gaunt lived nearly sixty years against a background of debilitating war with France, the Hundred Years War, constant and embittered opposition to the power of the Papacy, epidemics of the plague, and the eventual economic exhaustion of England towards the end of century. By the end of his life in 1399, Gaunt’s own daughters were among the first educated women to emerge in literature. As John consistently encouraged, English became the accepted language of the country. Wyclif’s translation of the Bible, which John had defended in Parliament, began to be accepted, and Chaucer’s use of the vernacular was established in literary circles at Court.
The beginnings of my life are an interesting jumble, and they highlight the cosmopolitan world that was the Roman Empire. I was born in an Asian city now located on the southern coast of Turkey called Tarsus in about the year 10. My parents were Jewish, presumably strict Pharisees. They were also Roman citizens.