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Decision making and its consequences
Advantages and disadvantages of decision making
Decision making and its consequences
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PAST EVENTS INFLUENCE ON DECISION MAKING
THESIS STATEMENT
Various studies [ (Gilovich, 1981) (Elder, 1974) (Robert S. Wyer, 2000)] have shown that past experiences in an individual’s life have a great influence on their personality and cognitive preferences. Taking the MBTI scale as a standard for comparison, within my team I have observed that each one has qualities reflecting their dichotomies that stand out in their decision making in the team. I believe these qualities are influenced by some life incidents, possibly an incident that occurred while they were in school or situations that they were brought up in has led to them having these qualities.
INTRODUCTION
Often we repeat our actions which indirectly shape and reflect our behavior. People who have behaved in a certain way at one point in time are likely to do so again (Bentler & Speckart, 1981). Similarly, we restrain ourselves from repeating an action which has had a negative consequence to it. These experiences influence our behavior and play a crucial role in our daily lives as we make key decisions. They also tend to shape one’s personality.
Janis and King (1954) postulated that after people have engaged in a particular behavior they often conduct a biased search of memory for previously acquired knowledge that confirms the legitimacy of their act. For example, they may identify reasons why desirable consequences of the behavior are likely to occur (and reasons why these consequences are, in fact, desirable). They may then combine their estimates of the likelihood and desirability of these consequences to form a new attitude toward the behavior, and this attitude, in turn, might influence both their intentions to repeat the behavior and their actual decision to do...
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Robert S. Wyer, J. (2000, July). The Cognitive Impact of Past Behavior: Influences on Beliefs,. Journal of personality and social psychology, 79(1), 5.
Furthermore, the authors aim to unfold the scientific logic of their analysis of the effects of hidden biases so people will be “better able to achieve the alignment,” between their behavior and intentions (Banaji and Greenwald, 2013) preface
B.F. Skinner, a behaviorist, claims that people tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes. He goes further to say that they tend not to repeat responses that are followed by a negative or neutral response. If Skinner were looking at the case of Lionel Tate, he would say that Tate must hav...
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Bibliography 3rd edition Psychology (Bernstein-Stewart, Roy, Srull, & Wickens) Houghton Mifflin Company Boston, Massachusetts 1994
In this world, there is around seven billion people, and while all individuals have different lives and obstacles, every person shares one quality in common: mistakes. As a human being, it is inevitable to not constantly make mistakes; in fact, following through with a poor decision is what helps people learn and grow. However, people like Monica Lewinsky or the character Hester Prynne are constantly publically shamed for making a mistake that will later be regretted, especially if it is for a fault of something major. Also, with daily human interaction and internet today, no matter what someone says or does, that one poor decision will forever lurk over the individual’s head, constantly taunting and reminding about the committed sin that is
People influenced to accept a determinist viewpoint over a free will viewpoint cheated more often than both the control groups and pro-free will groups (Vohs 50, 52). The two studies tested both inactive and active cheating by permitting participants to see answers prior to them answering the questions if they did nothing or to reward themselves with money for their score on the test regardless of whether or not they deserved the amount they took (Vohs 50, 52). In both, those who read a deterministic passage versus a neutral or free will passage took advantage of others more when given the opportunity (Vohs 50, 52). Additional research demonstrated that people influenced by deterministic beliefs felt less or no guilt for their actions when reflecting on past personal events or learning of a death their actions indirectly caused, and noted that they would not change their actions (Stillman 954, 958). In other words, the determinism group exhibited less learning from their mistakes than the control group which claimed they would act differently in the future (Stillman 954, 958). Rigoni and Brass conducted a study looking at
Waiten,W., (2007) Seventh Edition Psychology Themes and Variations. University of Nevada, Las Vegas: Thomson Wadsworth.
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Journal of personality and social psychology and. Retrieved from http://internal.psychology.illinois.edu/~broberts/Hazan & Shaver, 1987.pdf
Gall, S. B., Beins, B., & Feldman, A. (2001). The gale encyclopedia of psychology. (2nd ed., pp. 271-273). Detroit, MI: Gale Group.
There are side effects to almost every action people take. Getting rid of insects in a home can cause harm to the environment, or even poison pets within the household. Studying for a test can cause lack of sleep, and ultimately poorer health. Throwing away the remains of an unfinished dinner plate discards what could have been valuable nutrients for starving children in Africa. How one determines intentionality of an action has been a controversial topic for many. Joshua Knobe has conducted experiments for explaining the proper analysis of intentional action, while Uttich and Lombrozo have conducted experiments exploring the relationship between norms and mental state ascriptions in terms of intentional actions. This paper will review the results of one of Knobe’s studies, explain the side-effect effect in the perspective of Uttich and Lombrozo, and offer an alternative explanation to the side-effect effect.
Unusual, unanticipated situations can have a very powerful influence on obedience and disobedience alike. In every situation, there is usually at least one variable that can alter a person’s actions. A person can be put into nearly identical situations on different occasions, but because just one variable is different, that person would arrive at a completely different decision or execute a different action. Depending on the situation, an individual’s morals or beliefs can potentially become irrelevant and he could forgo past discernment and behave in a way unfitting of his character. (Ross, Nisbett
“You can’t connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. You have to trust in something- your gut, destiny, life, home, whatever. This approach has never let me down, and it has made all the difference in my life” (Steve Jobs, 1955). Throughout all of my 25 years blessed on planet earth, my personality have somewhat been compared to that of a roller coaster, filled with many ups and downs, positives and negatives, rewards and punishments. As such, I have frequently embarked on numerous journeys in a dyer attempt to discover and recollect the shattered fragments left of me. With this being said, the term personality however, could be defined as “the patterns of behavior and ways of thinking and feeling that are distinctive for each individual” (Tischler, 2007). At the completion of this paper, I intend to achieve answers to some pertinent questions for instance how has the development of personality affected or impacted on human nature. I also hope to discover the various transitions of my personality starting from infancy to present and the reason or motives behind such changes. Finally, I would like to be able to gain an in-depth understanding of a variety of Personality Theories especially the Psychoanalytical Theory of
A large part of human behavior is learned, and it is possible for the learned behavior to become unlearned. New behaviors can be learned throughout a person’s lifetime. This is what the behavioral model of personality is all about. Research for the Behavioral Model of Personality was mainly conducted on animals. This was because animals were easier to attain for research purposes than humans. The findings that came from animal research was later put to use with humans’ real life situations. The Behavioral Model of Personality helps determine how behavior is formed in the first place, how to correct bad behaviors, and how to integrate new behaviors in people that produce
People fail to notice when they are presented with something different from what they originally chose and tend to come up with explanations as to why they picked that specific choice. In this research paper, Cochran, Greenspan, Bogart, and Loftus discuss how choice blindness can lead to distorted eyewitness memories. In their experiment, the studied if the participants in their research realized modifications to their memory reports and if these changes could possibly effect the participants’ memory. Cochran, Greenspan, Bogart, and Loftus conducted two different experiments. Experiment 1 was constructed on two self-sourced vs. other-sourced between participants and two misinformation vs. control within participants. They had participants watch a slideshow that showed a woman intermingling with three other characters and one of them steals her wallet. Then they completed a personality measure in 15 minute retention interval which was followed by questions about their memories from the slideshow. After, they were given another 15 minute retention interval and then shown their responses to the memory question, but three of their responses were revised. According to Cochran, Greenspan, Bogart, and Loftus (2016), “experiment 1 demonstrated that when witnesses were exposed to altered versions of their own memory reports for episodic details of an event, their memories changed to be consistent with
Edited by Raymond J. Corsini. Encyclopedia of Psychology, Second Edition, Volume 1. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.