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Short notes on peer to peer network
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Abstract: This paper discusses peer-to-peer file sharing and distributed computing.
In the mid-1980s, the term P2P, or peer-to-peer, was used by local area network vendors to describe the computing nodes on their networks. Previous to that, the term was used to describe ARPAnet, the military-backed computer network that would become the model for today's Internet[1]. Today however, the term P2P has a very different meaning - it has come to describe applications designed specifically to exploit peer relationships between computers, using the Internet as an extension of the local network[2]. Its primary uses include not only the sharing of huge amounts of information, but also the sharing of free resources on a vast number of computers [3]. The reasons for its success are numerous and the problems that it creates are genuine.
Peer-to-peer networking has existed for years. The IP routing structure of the Internet is still peer-to-peer, albeit with several layers of hierarchy, and individual routers act as peers in finding the best route from one point on the net to another[4]. However, it is only recently, with the development applications that utilize P2P to create vast stores of media files, that it has become immensely popular. While these applications only account for a fraction of peer-to-peer networking's uses, they have received the majority of the attention.
PEER-TO-PEER FILE-SHARING
These peer-to-peer file-sharing systems have changed the way we think about sharing data over the Net and their success can be attributed to a number of factors. Firstly, these file-sharing systems have simple implementations that make them accessible to regular people. Not only is downloading a file using these systems simple, but uploading one is easy as well. Separate programs need not be used, and the process is often invisible to the user[5]. Further, because these systems are often used with media files such as MP3s, the same data exists on a number of different accessible computers. Because of this redundancy, accessing this data becomes reliable. In addition, because of the type of content that is being shared, a trust relationship is not required between the provider of the data and the person accessing it - there is little to no consequence to receiving a corrupted media file[6].
Perhaps the two most crucial elements of the success of such systems are that they allow an incredible number of files to be gathered through the amalgamation of the files on many computers, and that increasing the value of the databases by adding more files is a natural by-product of using the tools for one's own benefit[7].
Life is ever changing, it can take drastic turns, or even stays immobile for a long period of time . Nora is a character that experiences lifes hard throws. Through the events that she goes through she becomes someone else , she becomes who she truly always wanted to be but never had the courage to even think about being. When pandemonium arises in her life , she starts realizing that her life hasn't been lived by her but for her.
that Nora is in every scene to show how she has adapted to living her
For some time now companies, copyright owners and Congress have tried to develop a security standard to protect copyrighted works from unauthorized reproduction and distribution, but they have not yet found a thoroughly effective solution. They know that shutting down all P2P networks is not the right response since file sharing is valuable to some extent since its method of sharing and transferring information supports a variety of efficient business models. Instead they want to deal with the copyright infringements that P2P networks facilitate.
Whereas for Nora is trapped in her own predicament and circumstances. She has no power or equality in society, or even in her own marriage and household. She has a financial obligation, the back loan she did behind her husband’s back. To obtain the loan she had forged her father’s signature on the IOU. Nora claims that she can’t claim her own life or live her own life so long as she remains married to her husband. She goes on to say how she feels all her life she’s been played with like a
5. Ford, Karen. "Social contrains and painful growth in A Doll's House". Expanded Academic ASAP. Methodist College , Fayetteville , NC . 30 Octuber 2005
The play A Doll House (1879), by Henrik Ibsen, has a realistic feel that compels the reader to identify with the main characters and the situation that they find themselves facing. The wife, Nora, is in all but one scene, and nearly all the scenes occur in a single room. She is the main character, and it is her unraveling and self-discovery that the reader is spectator to.
Peer-to-peer is a communications model in which each party has the same capabilities and either party can initiate a communication session. Other models with which it might be contrasted include the client/server model and the master/slave model. In some cases, peer-to-peer communications is implemented by giving each communication node both server and client capabilities. In recent usage, peer-to-peer has come to describe applications in which users can use the Internet to exchange files with each other directly or through a mediating server.
Nowadays, it is extremely easy to download free music from the internet. All someone has to do is download some peer to peer file-sharing application such as Kazaa, Edonkey, Blubster, or Bearshare, and you have unlimited access to download just about anything that you please. But is downloading free music from one of these applications legal? I think that it is. This paper will look at both sides of the argument.
Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House, written in 1879, makes many bold statements about nineteenth century society. Ibsen uses his play to write about traditional marital roles, women’s independence, and crime. Each individual characters started out as one person and evolved into someone different by the end of the play, be it either good or bad.
Peer-to-peer (P2P) is a substitute network design to the conventional client-server architecture. P2P networks utilize a decentralised model in which each system, act as a peer, and serve as a client with its own layer of server functionality. A companion plays the role of a client and a server in the meantime. That is, the node can send calls to other nodes, and at the same time respond to approaching calls from other companions in the system. It is different from the traditional client-server model where a client can just send requests to a server and then wait for the server’s response.
The TCP/IP is the most important internet operation protocol in the world. While IP protocol performs the mass of the functions which is needed for the internet to work. It does not have many capabilities which are essential and needed by applications. In TCP/IP model these tasks are performed by a pair of protocols that operate at the transport layer. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). These two protocols are vital when it comes to delivering and managing the communication of numerous applications. To pass on data streams to the proper applications the Transport layer must identify the target application. First, to be able to attain this, Transport layer assigns an application an identifier. In the TCP/IP model call this identifier a port number. Every individual software process needing to access the network is assigned a un...
It simplifies the storage and processing of large amounts of data, eases the deployment and operation of large-scale global products and services, and automates much of the administration of large-scale clusters of computers.
The most interesting part is that the other side of Nora’s personality shows that Nora is more mature than what the audience thinks. In Nora’s conversation with Nils
Although online file sharing debuted in 1999, lawmakers and copyright industries are just beginning to address the myriad questions the practice has generated. In At Issue: Internet Piracy, authors attempt to answer some of those questions.
With the popularity of the Internet, sales for CDs, DVDs, Movies, and many other products have increased. Along with the increase of sales has brought forth an ever increasing problem of illegal media being downloaded. Programs such as Bittorent, Kazaa, and other direct-connect networking programs have allowed the transferring of such illegal media. Downloading song files from the Internet over a free peer to peer network is the moral equivalent of shoplifting music CDs from the local mall.